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Several evidence-based procedures based upon operant learning principles have been developed to teach language, and for young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), naturalistic interventions are commonly implemented as they are both effective and developmentally appropriate. The current investigation compared contingent responsive intervention and combined intervention on the effects of language use in four children diagnosed with ASD. Results suggest that a combined intervention procedure increases target language and requests in children with simplified language (e.g., one-word phrase) as well as complex language (e.g., simple sentences).

Metacognition has been identified as a critical skill set for learning in problem solving, conceptual understanding, and studying, all of which are key in any undergraduate engineering curriculum. Though significant research has identified metacognition as critical in learning, most of this research has been conducted in experimental settings and has focused on individual engagement. While experimental settings provide evidence that metacognition is important to learning, these controlled studies do not tell us if students actually engage in metacognition in their own contexts. The purpose of this research study was to describe the metacognitive habits of engineering students in the naturalistic setting of study groups as well as contextual factors that supported this engagement. In order to accomplish this, I developed a methodological approach useful for identifying metacognitive engagement in naturalistic settings. In this ethnographically-inspired qualitative study, I used participant observations as my primary source of data and ethnographic interviews as supplemental data. Three study groups participated in this study and represented a diverse range of strategies for learning and studying. In order to identify the metacognitive behaviors of the study participants, I developed the Naturalistic Observations of Metacognitive Engagement (NOME) coding strategy, a coding scheme that can be used to identify metacognitive engagement in naturalistic settings involving undergraduate engineering students. Through the use of the NOME for coding the observational transcripts, I found that undergraduate engineering students engage in metacognitive engagement in different ways and certain metacognitive behaviors are engaged in at a higher rate than others. From an analysis of the observational fieldnotes, I found that contextual factors such as learning environment, study group schedule, study group purpose, learning resources, and workload potentially impact the way in which engineering students engage in metacognitive practices. The findings of this study provide important implications for researchers in metacognition and engineering education, educational practitioners, students, and the research site and participants from which the data was collected. / Ph. D.

The current study introduced a new measure for the study of naturalistic memory, which involved the use of a homogeneous, controlled event for all participants. We tested participants’ memory for this so-called staged event with both the Autobiographical Interview (AI) and our novel receiver operating characteristic (ROC) task. Statistical analyses indicated that scores on the AI and on our new ROC measure showed time sensitivity consistent with the literature. These data were difficult to interpret, however, because of a confound of age. We will need to age-match our groups before drawing any major conclusions. That said, we found a significant positive correlation between measures of recollection on both the AI and ROC task, which was a promising finding in terms of validating the new measure against an established procedure. Overall, our results suggest that assessing recall and recognition for a staged event is a viable method for studying naturalistic memory.

The current study introduced a new measure for the study of naturalistic memory, which involved the use of a homogeneous, controlled event for all participants. We tested participants’ memory for this so-called staged event with both the Autobiographical Interview (AI) and our novel receiver operating characteristic (ROC) task. Statistical analyses indicated that scores on the AI and on our new ROC measure showed time sensitivity consistent with the literature. These data were difficult to interpret, however, because of a confound of age. We will need to age-match our groups before drawing any major conclusions. That said, we found a significant positive correlation between measures of recollection on both the AI and ROC task, which was a promising finding in terms of validating the new measure against an established procedure. Overall, our results suggest that assessing recall and recognition for a staged event is a viable method for studying naturalistic memory.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Timothy D. Keane / Naturalistic landscapes have increased in popularity, especially in the landscape architecture profession, due to the push for greener and more sustainable landscape designs in civic spaces. The increase in popularity and resulting use of naturalistic landscapes by landscape architects creates a need to understand users’ preferences for naturalistic landscapes. Users need to have moderate to high preference levels for the naturalistic landscape spaces in order for such spaces to be successful. This work identifies and explains civic spaces, characteristics of traditional landscape designs, characteristics and history of naturalistic landscapes, and characteristics and details of previous preference studies that focused on people’s preferences for natural areas. This study also identifies current preference levels and background characteristics of respondents, which are used to determine who does and does not prefer naturalistic landscapes in civic spaces and why. A survey questionnaire targeted toward users of naturalistic landscapes identified opinions, preferences, and statistical data relevant to this study. A total of sixty-one surveys were completed and collected from two separate survey sites. Survey results were used to determine: 1. Preference levels of the respondents. 2. Background characteristics and values of the respondents. 3. Correlations and patterns between respondents’ preference levels and their background characteristics. 4. Correlations and patterns between respondents’ preference levels and their values and opinions. 5. Differences between the results from the two survey sites. Survey results and analyses indicate that perceived safety is a major factor that influences preference levels. Background characteristics such as the level of formal education and the participation in classes and seminars that focus on topics relevant to naturalistic landscapes are also significant indicators of preference levels. Another of the indicators is the participation in outdoor activities of all sorts. Along with determining the indicators of preference levels, the survey results were used in the comparison of the results from the two survey locations.

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Bakgrund: Studien undersökte hur deltagarna affektivt och kognitivt upplever en fallbeskrivning som simulerar en oförutsedd situation i en kontorsmiljö. Det beskrivna fallet handlar om en personalfråga och kräver ett omedelbart beslut eftersom en försening kanske inte bara påverkar arbetsprestationen och klimatet i organisationen, men också kan leda till att organisationen förlorar ett kontrakt med en långsiktig inkomst.Method/DesignStudien är en explorativ och oberoende design som genomfördes vid Karlstads universitet. Deltagarna var 72 studenter i två olika kurser, personal- och arbetsliv och psykologi. Data för denna undersökning samlades in genom en enkät som mätte deltagarnas kognitiva (Situationsuppfattning efter Kleins RPD-modellen, 1993) och affektiva reaktioner (PANAS, Watson, Clark, & Tellegen 1985) på fallbeskrivningen. Den affektiva och kognitiva reaktionen backades upp av två tester som mäter en persons priorierade sätt att bearbeta information (PMPI, Burns och D'Zurilla, 1999) och att hantera situationer (Personal Temperament efter MBTI-skala). Ytterligare ingick deltagarnas demografiska data såsom ålder, kön och utbildningsnivå samt frågor om deltagarnas erfarenheter med oförutsedda situationer.ResultatResultatet visar en signifikant skillnad mellan deltagarna i personal- och arbetsvetenskap och psykologi i sin kognitiva reaktion för den oförutsedda situationen. Deltagare med en högre positiv och negativ affekiv respons visade ett signifikant högre värde i sin rationell-analytisk informationsbearbetning. Det personliga temperament-testet visade sig att vara inte valide.SlutsatsMänniskor bearbetar och bedömar situationer genom två olika sätt: med sitt hjärta och sitt huvud. Inget sätt är överläget de andra, eftersom varje sätt har viktiga fördelar och nackdelar. Endast genom att kombinera båda sätten framgångsrikt kan vi fatta beslut som kommer att leda till positiva utfall.

This work aims to contribute to existing knowledge concerning the command and management of fire service operations on the incident ground in Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service during the years 1993 to 2000.

The 'open question' argument, as it has come to be known, was popularized by G. E. Moore. However, it is universally recognized that his presentation of it is unconvincing, as it is based on dubious metaphysics, semantics and epistemology. Yet, philosophers have not confined the argument to the history books, and it continues to influence and shape modern meta-ethics. This thesis asks why this is the case, and whether such an influence is justified. It focuses on three main positions, analytic naturalism, non-analytic naturalism and supernaturalism. It concludes that the 'open question' argument challenges all three.