Lic. (sammanfattning) Kalmar : Högskolan i Kalmar, 2007. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

Background. Load carriage is a heavy task often performed in soldiers, other professions and sports, and is known to be strenuous on the body. Aerobic capacity which includes oxygen uptake and maximal oxygen uptake is the body’s ability to create energy using different substrates and is for assessing performance in load carriage. Soldiers are known to have a high aerobic capacity but it is not known to what degree load carriage has an effect on aerobic capacity, maximal performance or substrate utilization. Nor is it know how substrate utilization is affected during load carriage in participants with different body compositions. Aim. The aim of the current study was to investigate differences in oxygen consumption and substrate utilization with and without military gear and to study the relationship between body composition and substrate utilization in Swedish ground combat soldiers. Methods. Seven male and one female (24.5±3.5 years) participated in the current study. VO2, VO2peak, Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) and performance in the form of levels completed in the VO2max test were measured with an Oxycon Pro during a biological calibration and a modified Bruce protocol for VO2max. Body composition was measured with a bioelectrical impedance analysis. Shapiro-Wilks test was used to test for normality, Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used for analysis of the main effects with gear, main effects of the levels and interaction effects between the tests. Paired samples t-test was used to analyze the differences in VO2peak, VO2 and RER. Spearman’s correlation was used for correlations between fat percentage and levels completed in the VO2max test. Results. The results of the current study showed a significantly lower absolute (p=0.02) and relative (p=0.01) VO2peak with gear compared to without gear. Significantly higher submaximal VO2 values with gear were also found in all active levels of the biological calibration and VO2max test as well as significantly higher RER values in all levels of the VO2max test with gear compared to without. A significant decrease in levels completed in the VO2max test (49%) with gear was also found (p<0.001). No correlations between substrate utilization, body composition and levels completed were found. Conclusion. The main findings of the current study were that VO2peak decreased and submaximal VO2 and RER levels were increased when wearing military gear. No correlations between muscle mass, fat mass or fat percentage and RER and levels completed were found. The findings can help better the understanding of the physiological demands during load carriage and can act as a guide for future load carriage workers, trainers and athletes.

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Svenska elevers intresse för de naturvetenskapliga ämnena har de senaste decennierna minskat vilket i sin tur även har påverkat deras prestationer i de berörda ämnena. Elevers kunskaper i dessa ämnen har visat sig minska i flera olika mätningar. Forskning tyder på att naturvetenskapliga begrepp har tendens att kännas främmande för elever. Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka sex stycken olika lärares uppfattningar om den undervisning i de naturvetenskapliga ämnena som syftar till att utveckla elevers begreppsförändring. Studien har utformats efter den konstruktivistiska lärandeteorin och hur den uppfattar begreppsförändring. Sex stycken lärare med olika typer av yrkeserfarenhet och som är stationerade på tre olika skolor har medverkat i sex stycken kvalitativa intervjuer. Metoden som har nyttjats i denna kvalitativa studie är tematisk analys. Resultatet av min studie visar på elva stycken olika teman som har framkommit ur informanternas utsagor. De teman som jag har funnit är Förkunskaper, Vardagsfenomen, Diskussioner, Begreppskarta, Textläsning, Intresseväckande introduktion, Samtal mellan elever, NTA, IKT/Praktiskt arbete, Bristfälliga föreställningar och Utbildning/Fortbildning. Min slutsats är att för blivande och befintliga lärare inom de naturvetenskapliga ämnena, kan resultatet i denna studie bidra till ökad förståelse för olika didaktiska verktyg kring begreppshantering samt att de även kan appliceras i andra ämnen. / Swedish student´s interest towards the science subjects has decreased during the last decades, which has led to an impact regarding their performance in these subjects. Several measurements have indicated a decrease in student´s knowledge in the science subjects.  Research shows that the science vocabulary has a tendency to feel frightening for the students. Focus is to examine six different teachers’ perceptions regarding their teaching in the science subjects that aims to develop students´ conceptual change. Six teachers with different professional experiences at three different schools have taken part in six qualitative interviews. Thematic analysis has been chosen as qualitative method in this study. The result of my qualitative study shows eleven different themes, which the six informants think are suitable for an introduction of new science terms. These are Previous Knowledge, Everyday Phenomena, Discussions, Concept Map, Text Reading, Interest awakening introduction, Conversations between students, NTA, ICT/Practical Work, Misconceptions and Education. My conclusion is that for existing and future teachers within the science subjects the results may contribute to a better understanding for different didactical tools regarding conceptual treatment and that they are place able even in other subjects.

Rapid development of technology, land use and climate change along with different politicaldecisions, are all examples of factors affecting Sweden's future nature with its culturallandscapes, species diversity and expected ecosystem services, all of which we depend onthrough a functioning green infrastructure. Focus of this work is the nature reserve of Valönin the municipality of Tanum in Bohuslän, and how its management plan has beenimplemented. The nature reserve of Valön was established in 1968 and the management planin 1975. After visits and observations at the site, interviews with farmers and with the trustee,it appears that the management depends, largely, on the landowners' and farmers’commitment and environmental support. To preserve and sustain the vulnerable species thatremain in the nature reserve of Valön and to improve habitat conditions for other species torecolonize the area, different types of actions are needed. In terms of management plans innature reserves, these need to be supplemented with species inventories and revised to bemore adapted to today's conditions with clear goals and they have to be analyzed to thepresent and future contexts and conditions. The regulations can be revised to improve theobligation of the landowners to better meet the management plan’s requirements. There isalso a need for relevant knowledge for all concerned, such as the public, politicians,landowners, associations and authorities of the previous traditional land use and farmingpractices for sustainable nature conservation and understand the importance why areas shouldbe protected and why they must me managed in a certain way.

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Tropical mountain forests contribute greatly to carbon sequestration and reduction of carbon levels in the atmosphere. In order to achieve the “Reducing Emission from forest deforestation and degradation” (REDD +) objectives, reliable information on carbon sequestration of all forest management areas is required. So, this study aims to determine the amount of above ground carbon bound in trees and how carbon sequestration capacity of trees varies with altitudinal change in the Magamba Nature Forest Reserve. A random stratified coordinate by elevation method was used, measuring approximately 2636 tree of 5<diameter at breast height (DBH) distributed across 29 plots with a total area of 2.03ha. The effect of altitude was tested using ANOVA and Pearson correlation test. The results show that there is a significant (p<0.05) positive correlation between aboveground carbon sequestered and elevation, and that there was significant difference (p<0.02) in the amount of aboveground carbon stored between low elevation (147.5 tones ha-1) mid elevation (244.86 tonnes ha-1) and high elevation (245.4 tones ha-1). The lower amount of carbon at low elevation may be due to anthropogenic activities including logging and fuel production, since it is easier to reach lower altitude than higher altitude forest zone. To improve carbon sequestration capacity of tropical Mountain protected forests, participatory protective measure at lower elevation zones are of importance. These should even be included in management plans, detailing the involvement of adjacent community.

The browsing damage by moose ( Alces alces) is an actual and real problem that is happening in Swedish boreal forests nowadays. The browsing can be done for different types of cervids like roe deer, moose and goats, but we will focus on the browsing damage by moose because it is the main browser on pine stand and is causing the biggest problem in Sweden due to the high moose population that currently exist. The moose is the biggest species in the deer family and one of the most spread species in Sweden. We performed our study in fifteen plantation areas of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris) in Gävleborg county, Sweden. Some of these plantations have a natural origin, whereas others have been created by human. The increase of browsing damage by moose have several consequences including effects on the ecological community and huge economic consequences, as the forest companies are losing, billions of Swedish crowns per year because of the browsing damage on the pine trees. The aim of this study was to investigate how the browsing damage by moose on Scots Pines varies depending on the density of the different deciduous tree species. Some of the most important results that I obtained were a negative relation between the number of deciduous trees and the browsing damage in Scots pine, the positive relation between the number of damaged deciduous trees very close to the Scots pine studied and the browsing damage in Scots pine and finally, the positive relation between the old browsing damage and new browsing damage in Scot pine. In general, I can conclude that when the number of deciduous trees increases in an area, the browsing damage in Scot pine decreases.

The purpose of this project was to provide Galderma with information regarding theabsorption processes for a selected group of active pharmaceutical ingredients andprocess materials. The acquired information can support Galderma in future decisionsfor design of process equipment and strategies for cleaning of process equipment.A UV spectrophotometric method was developed to study the absorption processesfor the three active pharmaceutical ingredients lidocaine hydriochloride, prilocainehydrochloride and mepivacaine hydrochloride in the three process materials ethylenepropylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM), silicone rubber andpolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Absorption profiles for the different processes werecreated in Microsoft Excel.The observed order of absorption, from highest to lowest, in both silicone and EPDMwere lidocaine hydriochloride, prilocaine hydrochloride and mepivacainehydrochloride. An overall higher absorption in silicone than in EPDM was seen for allthree active pharmaceutical ingredients. The results also showed that the selectedtime range of the experiments were not enough to achieve equilibrium for some ofthe absorption processes. It was not possible to detect any significant absorption inPTFE for any of the substances.A hypothesis that the polarity of the active pharmaceutical ingredient might bedecisive for the order of absorption is suggested in this report. It is also proposedthat absorption might be higher in silicone because of the high free volume of thesilicone polymer compared to EPDM and PTFE. Since equilibrium was never reachedfor some of the experiments it is however possible that the results presented in thisreport do not show the true order of equilibrium absorption for the threesubstances. If so, it is possible that other properties than the polarity of the activepharmaceutical ingredient play a more significant role in the latter part of theabsorption process.The following three recommendations for how to improve the method in futurework are given in this report:- Use fresh material in all experiments.- Use material with the exact same dimensions and surface area.- Conduct experiments over a longer time range.

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