Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:57:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Rosa de Figueiredo Fernandes.pdf: 5291957 bytes, checksum: e9ba6c76361eb4a2e901846a5bb5c2dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / ?The pathogenicity of Pratylenchus brachyurus on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cultivar K326 was evaluated in experiments testing different initial population densities of the nematode (Pi = 0; 1,000; 3,000; 9,000 and 27,000 eggs and larvae per plant), in eight replications. The isolate was monoxenically multiplied on carrot discs. At the end of the experiment (70 days after inoculation), the above ground part of each plant was weighed and measured and, the respective root system was processed. The reproduction rate of Pratylenchus brachyurus was estimated by extracting the nematodes of the roots and of the soil. Necroses on the roots of the tobacco plants were observed. Pratylenchus brachyurus caused well-delimited root lesions on tobacco root. None of the analyzed plants died; however plant growth was reduced. Also, it was observed a decrease of the fresh mass of roots and of the dry top weight, mainly under the highest population density (27,000 nematodes per plant). The reproduction rate was low. Besides the interaction between Pratylenchus brachyurus and Ralstonia solanacearum in two tobacco varieties, Virg?nia K326 and Burley By21 was evaluated. Test plants were inoculated with the nematode in the initial population density of 3,000 individuals (eggs and larvae) by plant and, 15 days later, the plants were inoculated with a sample of soil infested by the bacterium, in estimated population density of 106 CFU.g-1 of soil. Besides the mixed inoculation with Pratylenchus brachyurus and Ralstonia solanacearum, tobacco plants were single inoculated. The plants were monitored daily. Dates of the beginning of symptom expression were registered, as well as symptom evolution. When the plants were inoculated with Pratylenchus brachyurus and Ralstonia solanacearum, symptom of wilt that is caused by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum began earlier than in single inoculated plants, and they also evolved quicker, inclusive in the variety Virg?nia K326 that was considered more tolerant. In this case, the presence of Pratylenchus brachyurus, in the root system of these plants, probably favored the infection by Ralstonia solanacearum, even before the symptoms caused by the nematodes could be detected. This study was done in greenhouse and under laboratory conditions. / ?A patogenicidade de Pratylenchus brachyurus em fumo Virg?nia K326 foi avaliada em experimento no qual foram testadas diferentes densidades populacionais iniciais do nemat?ide (Pi = 0; 1.000; 3.000; 9.000 e 27.000 ovos e larvas por planta), em oito repeti??es. O isolado foi multiplicado axenicamente em discos de cenoura. Ao final do experimento (85 dias), as plantas tiveram sua parte a?rea pesada e medida e foi processado o sistema radicular de cada uma. O fator de reprodu??o foi estimado por extra??o dos nemat?ides das ra?zes e do solo. Necroses nas ra?zes das plantas foram observadas. Pratylenchus brachyurus causou les?es radiculares delimitadas nas ra?zes de fumo. N?o houve morte de nenhuma planta analisada, por?m a altura das plantas foi afetada e tamb?m a massa seca da parte a?rea, principalmente sob a densidade populacional mais alta, de 27.000 nemat?ides por planta. O fator de reprodu??o foi baixo. Al?m disto, avaliou-se a intera??o entre Pratylenchus brachyurus e Ralstonia solanacearum em fumo Virg?nia variedade K326 e fumo Burley variedade BY21. As plantas foram inicialmente inoculadas com o nemat?ide na densidade populacional de 3.000 ovos e larvas por planta e 15 dias ap?s, foram inoculadas com uma amostra de solo infestado pela bact?ria, na densidade populacional estimada de 106 UFC.g-1 de solo. Al?m da inocula??o mista com Pratylenchus brachyurus e Ralstonia solanacearum, testemunhas foram inoculadas isoladamente. As plantas foram monitoradas diariamente, anotando-se a data de in?cio e da evolu??o dos sintomas. Quando as plantas foram inoculadas com os Pratylenchus brachyurus e Ralstonia solanacearum, os sintomas de murcha, que s?o causados pela bact?ria se manifestaram mais cedo e tamb?m evolu?ram mais r?pido, inclusive na variedade K326 que foi considerada mais tolerante. Neste caso, provavelmente a presen?a de Pratylenchus brachyurus, no sistema radicular dessas plantas, favoreceu a infec??o por Ralstonia solanacearum, antes mesmo que os sintomas causados pelo nemat?ide pudessem ser observados. Este trabalho foi realizado em casa de vegeta??o e em laborat?rio.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:15:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008- Daniela de Oliveira Franco Acuna.pdf: 2634530 bytes, checksum: 5433beffd9a4776e67f732e78762b6bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-19 / The snail, Achatina fulica (Giant African snail), is registered in almost all Brazilian territory, and may act as an intermediate host of parasites of the man. This study aimed to describe the morphology of the nematode larvae found in A. fulica, through light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and to relate the prevalence of infection to the collection places of the snails and to the antropic activity. Sixty snails were collected from April/2006 to April/2007, in the Mesquita City, RJ, transferred to laboratory, kept in terraria, measured and dissected to verify the infection, distribution of the cysts in tissues of the snails. The cysts were collected and the larvae were separated. The material thus obtained was used to LM and SEM. The occurrence of A. fulica in the less conserved area was greater than that in the more conserved area. However, there was not a significant relation between the intensity of infection and the collection places and the antropic activity. Fourteen snails (23%) were infected and the biggest number of cysts/snail verified was 130 and the minor was 1, in snails that with 106 and 55mm of shell length, respectively. A strong correlation was observed between the size of the snail and the number of cysts and there was a greater concentration of these in the pallial cavity, 87%. Of this total, 49% were in the area more vascularized and 38% in the less vascularized area of this cavity. The cysts presented spherical shape, light pink colored and measured 0.97-1.57mm in diameter and with an unique larva involved by an amorphous material. Two hundred twenty two encysted larvae were recovered, 30 larvae were used to the morphological studies. The length of the larvae varied of 2.57-5.8mm, being classified in: small - until 3.5mm; medium - of 3.53-4.5mm and great - above of 4.52mm. The average length of the larvae in the three groups was of 2.85; 3.87 and 5.23mm, respectively, and the total average of 4.2mm. The larvae presented white cuticle, shining, transversally striated and the lateral line extending to the posterior extremity of the body. In the anterior end, it is observed mouth provided with three lips, with amphids and papillae, followed by a muscular oesophagus with average length of 0.61mm, ending in an esophagus bulb. The nervous ring it was observed in the medium third of the oesophagus and the intestine ends in an opening located next to the posterior end. The tail had a length varying of 0.15-0.42mm, is located after this opening may present two types of endings: abrupt or that it sharpens gradually. The difference in the ending of the tail may suggest sexual dimorphism, although not to have been observed reproductive structures. The identification to the specific level was not possible, this pointed to the necessity of continuation of this study. The expressive population density of A.fulica observed in the conserved area less it confirms the influence of the antropic action on the dispersion of this snail. / O molusco Achatina fulica (Caramujo gigante africano) ? registrado em quase todo territ?rio nacional, havendo a possibilidade de atuar como hospedeiro de parasitos do homem. Este estudo objetivou descrever a morfologia dos est?gios larvais de nemat?ides encontrados em A. fulica, atrav?s de microscopia de luz e eletr?nica de varredura, e relacionar a preval?ncia de infec??o aos locais de coleta dos moluscos e ? atividade antr?pica. Sessenta moluscos foram coletados de abril de 2006 a abril de 2007, no munic?pio de Mesquita, RJ, transferidos para o laborat?rio, mantidos em terr?rios, medidos e dissecados para verifica??o da infec??o, distribui??o dos cistos pelos tecidos do molusco, coleta dos cistos e obten??o das larvas. Procedeu-se a fixa??o e o processamento para microscopia de luz e eletr?nica de varredura. A ocorr?ncia de A. fulica na ?rea menos conservada foi maior que na ?rea mais conservada. Por?m n?o houve uma rela??o significativa entre a intensidade de infec??o aos locais de coleta e ? atividade antr?pica. Quatorze moluscos (23%) estavam infectados e o maior n?mero de cistos verificado por molusco foi de 130 e o menor de 01, em moluscos que apresentavam 106 e 55mm de comprimento de concha, respectivamente. Foi observada uma forte correla??o entre o tamanho do molusco e o n?mero de cistos encontrados e maior concentra??o destes na cavidade paleal, 87%. Desse total, 49% estavam na ?rea mais vascularizada e 38% na menos vascularizada da cavidade. Os cistos apresentavam formato esf?rico, colora??o rosada e mediam de 0,97 a 1,57mm de di?metro e na maioria das vezes com uma ?nica larva que se encontrava envolvida por um material amorfo. Foram recuperadas 222 larvas encistadas. Destas, 30 foram utilizadas no estudo morfol?gico. O comprimento das larvas variou de 2,57 a 5,8mm, sendo classificados em: pequeno at? 3,5mm; m?dio de 3,53 a 4,5mm e grande - acima de 4,52mm. O comprimento m?dio das larvas nos tr?s grupos foi de 2,85; 3,87 e 5,23mm, respectivamente, e a m?dia total de 4,2mm. As larvas apresentavam cut?cula branca, brilhante e estriada no sentido transversal e linha lateral at? a extremidade posterior do corpo. Na extremidade anterior, observa-se a boca provida de tr?s l?bios, com anf?dios e papilas, seguida por um es?fago musculoso com comprimento m?dio de 0,61mm, terminando em um bulbo esofagiano. O anel nervoso foi observado no ter?o m?dio do es?fago e o intestino termina em uma abertura localizada pr?ximo ? extremidade posterior. A cauda, com comprimento variando de 0,15 a 0,42mm, se forma a partir desta abertura e apresenta dois tipos de termina??es: abrupta ou que afina gradativamente. A diferen?a na termina??o da cauda pode sugerir dimorfismo sexual, apesar de n?o terem sido observados prim?rdios de ?rg?os reprodutores. Com os resultados obtidos n?o foi poss?vel a identifica??o ao n?vel espec?fico, havendo dessa forma a necessidade de continua??o deste estudo. A densidade populacional expressiva de A. fulica observada na ?rea menos conservada confirma a influ?ncia da a??o antr?pica sobre a dispers?o deste molusco.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:57:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Rhadyson Reinaldo Silva do Nascimento.pdf: 1733739 bytes, checksum: b1070eca267f85de92499d2e245add23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-03 / Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) is a very important crop in Brazil, mainly in the north and northeast regions of the country, and is gaining importance in the southeast region. In this crop, nematodes are a great threat, because they can cause yield decrease. Information about these pathogens is very few. In a first approach this work aimed at surveying for the occurrence of plant parasitic nematodes that are associated to cowpea in the State of Rio de Janeiro, through sampling achieved in some locations of Nova Igua?u, Mag?, Serop?dica, S?o Francisco de Itabapoana, and Itagua?, where cowpea is grown cultivated. Eight genera of plant parasitic nematodes we found, besides others, that are free leving that were not identified. At the level of species M. incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis were identified. Nematode identification was done on the bases of morphometric characteristics descriptive keys M. incognita by juvenile (J2 ) and males characteristics and perineal female patterns and esterases profile. In this step, surveys were carried out aiming at the detection of esterases activity for a population of R. reniformis. Protocols routinely used in isoezymes analysis were tested and showed negative results. On the other hand, assays using PCR tubes with the objective to identify esterase activity demonstrated that it was positive for R. reniformis. Modifications in the common protocols, such as changes in buffer solution at the and steps of the procedures, as well as adjusting pH near to neutrality enabled the establishment of a three band pattern of esterase in the studied populations of R. reniformis. In another phase of this work, six cowpea lines in advanced phase of improvement from determining their behavior when inoculated with M. incognita race 1, M. javanica and R. reniformis. The tomato cv. TRural was used as susceptible pattern. The experiments were carried out under greenhouse condition, using 5,000 eggs + juveniles per experimental plots, as inoculum level; for Meloidogyne species evaluation was done 50 days after nematodes inoculations based in the following parameters: galls indices (IG), egg mass indices (IMO) and reproductions rate (FR), calculated by the relation Pf/Pi ( Pf = final populations and Pi= start population). Among the tested lines, five of then RJ 04-04, RJ 04-08, RJ 04-26, RJ 04-48 and RJ 04-65 showed to be highly resistant and line RJ 04-29 was moderately resistant to M. incognita race 1. In the case of M. javanica all lines were highly susceptible. For evaluation of R. reniformis it was used as inoculum and "pure" population multiplied vegetation home. It was inoculated 5000 eggs and juvenile of males and of immature females. As parameter for evaluation of the resistance of the cowpea lineages to the nematode, the reproduction factor was used (Fr) appraised to the 45 days after inoculation. It was verified that all of the tested lineages were considered susceptible; to cultivate "Costel?o" included as witness showed equal behavior. / O caupi (Vigna unguiculata Walp.) ? uma cultura de grande import?ncia para o pa?s, principalmente na regi?o Norte e Nordeste e vem ganhando espa?o na regi?o Sudeste. Nesta cultura, os nemat?ides possuem influ?ncia significativa, chegando ao ponto de limitar a sua produ??o. As informa??es sobre estes pat?genos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro s?o escassas. Assim, numa primeira etapa, este trabalho teve por objetivo fazer um levantamento de nemat?ides fitoparasitas associados a cultura do caupi no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, por meio de coletas realizadas em alguns munic?pios produtores de caupi cultura. Foram encontrados, um total de oito g?neros de nemat?ides fitoparasitas, al?m de outros de vida livre n?o identificados. Em n?vel de esp?cie foram identificadas Meloidogyne incognita ra?a 2 e Rotylenchulus reniformis. As identifica??es foram efetuadas a partir de caracter?sticas morfom?tricas e aux?lio de chaves descritivas. M. incognita foi identificada pelas caracter?sticas dos juvenis (J2) e de machos, configura??o do modelo perineal das f?meas e perfil de esterases. Foram realizados ensaios com o objetivo de detec??o de atividade de esterase, para uma popula??o do nemat?ide R. reniformis. Para tanto foram testados protocolos rotineiramente usados em an?lises isoenzim?ticas, que apresentaram resultados negativos. Entretanto, ensaios montados em microtubos para PCR, evidenciaram atividade ester?sica para R. reniformis. Finalmente, modifica??es nos protocolos usuais como mudan?as na concentra??o da solu??o tamp?o de revela??o, assim como a fixa??o do pH da mesma pr?ximo a neutralidade, permitiram estabelecer um padr?o com tr?s bandas distintas de esterases na popula??o de R. reniformis estudada. Em uma segunda etapa deste trabalho, seis linhagens de caupi em fase avan?ada de melhoramento para resist?ncia a viroses, foram testadas visando determinar a rea??o das mesmas quando inoculadas com M. incognita ra?a 1, ou M. javanica, ou R. reniformis. A cultivar de tomate TRural foi usada como testemunha suscet?vel nos testes com as duas esp?cies de nemat?ide das galhas radiculares. Os experimentos foram realizados em casa de vegeta??o e usou-se uma carga de in?culo de 5000 ovos + juvenis/repeti??o; para as esp?cies de Meloidogyne a avalia??o ocorreu 50 dias ap?s inocula??o e os par?metros usados foram: ?ndice de galhas (IG), ?ndice de massa de ovos (IMO) e fator de reprodu??o (Fr) calculado pela rela??o Pf/Pi (Pf = popula??o final e Pi = popula??o inicial). Das cinco linhagens testadas, RJ 04-04, RJ 04-08, RJ 04-26, RJ 04-48 e RJ 04-65 comportaram-se como altamente resistentes e a linhagem RJ 04-29 como moderadamente resistente para M. incognita ra?a1. Enquanto que, para M. javanica, todas as linhagem foram altamente suscet?veis. Para avalia??o de R. reniformis foi usado como in?culo uma popula??o pura multiplicada em casa de vegeta??o. Inoculou-se 5000 ovos e/ ou juvenis de machos e de f?meas imaturas. Como par?metro para avalia??o da resist?ncia das linhagens de caupi ao nemat?ide, foi usado o fator de reprodu??o (Fr) avaliado aos 45 dias ap?s inocula??o. Verificou-se que todas as linhagens testadas foram consideradas suscet?veis; a cultivar Costel?o inclu?da como testemunha mostrou igual comportamento.