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Interpersonal Neurobiology (IPNB) combines multiple fields of thought into one integrated framework. It has been utilized to expand conversation of the "mind" and promote well-being across disciplines. Current literature outlines the IPNB framework, including suggestions for its application to psychotherapeutic practice; however, limited research has examined clinicians' experiences of using the IPNB framework. This study aims to add to the discussion on IPNB by examining the lived experiences of psychotherapists employing IPNB as a framework for their clinical practice. This study uses thematic analysis procedures to analyze data from a focus group consisting of psychotherapeutic practitioners. The investigation explores how the participants perceive the impact of their implementation of IPNB; as well as how they believe that using the IPNB framework has changed case conceptualization and intervention. Findings and implications are also discussed. / Master of Science

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Huntington disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of a polyglutamine tract within the huntingtin (HTT) protein, forming mutant HTT (mtHTT). HD patients suffer from psychiatric, behavioral, cognitive, and motor abnormalities, with death typically occurring 15-20 years after symptom onset. Currently, there are no treatments able to slow disease progression or delay onset. HD is a disease of aging. Despite the mtHTT protein being produced throughout life, symptoms do not typically appear until adulthood. Furthermore, many cellular effects of normal aging are also seen in HD, including altered intercellular communication and loss of proteostasis. Recently, our lab found evidence that inducing age-like changes uncovers HD phenotypes, which contribute to pathogenesis in neurons. This suggests that reversing the aging process could counteract phenotypic development of HD. Thus, anti-aging could be effective for treatment of HD. Our lab conducted an anti-aging preclinical trial in which aged HD mice were systematically treated with plasma from young mice, known as young blood treatment. The goal of this trial was to investigate if treatment could successfully delay disease onset or progression. The aim of my project is to determine if treatment affected biological age and HD by analyzing the levels of protein markers in these brains. Preliminary data validates that aging markers decrease with age and shows that young blood treatment has varying success at rejuvenating protein levels. This work contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between biological age and HD pathogenesis.

Huntington Disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by an expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat tract in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. This CAG tract expansion causes production of mutant HTT (mtHTT) protein, which misfolds and forms inclusions in the brain that accumulate with age. Misfolded mtHTT aggregates have been linked with increased cell death in neuron cell culture, leading to speculation that mtHTT aggregates cause cell death. However, there are mouse lines that have robust mtHTT inclusion deposition, but no HD-like signs or neurodegeneration. Furthermore, neuronal HD cultured cells with inclusions were found to be less likely to die compared to those with no inclusions. These findings indicate that mtHTT inclusions may play a neuroprotective role in HD by sequestering a toxic soluble form. Cell cultures show increased levels of stress response proteins when oligomeric mtHTT levels are elevated, indicating that oligomers may be the toxic species driving disease pathogenesis. Our lab has recently shown that inducing age-related changes in HD neurons induces oligomer formation. This finding suggests that there is a potential link between biological age and mtHTT misfolding. I am investigating this relationship by assessing mtHTT aggregation in the brains of HD model mice that have undergone anti-aging therapy using EM48, an antibody that recognizes misfolded mtHTT. The results of this study may provide further insight into the relationship between biological age and accumulation of misfolded mtHTT protein. If we find a relationship between biological age and mtHTT misfolding that can be therapeutically modulated, this may provide new insight into the ‘toxic species’ of mtHTT and would have implications for strategies aimed at reducing its levels. No effects of ‘young blood’ (YB) therapy were observed in this study. But due to limitations in the study, a conclusion on the effect of YB treatment will require further work, including optimization of image processing and processing of a greater number of animals.

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