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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Neurodiagnostics in Sports: Investigating the Brain’s Potential to Optimize Performance in Athletes

Seidel-Marzi, Oliver 15 March 2021 (has links)
Der moderne Leistungs- und Wettkampfsport verfolgt das anspruchsvolle Ziel, die Effizienz von Trainingsprozessen zu steigern und damit die motorische Leistungsfä-higkeit von SportlerInnen zu optimieren. In diesem Zusammenhang kommt dem zentralen Nervensystem eine entscheidende Bedeutung zu, da das Gehirn als Initia-tor jeglicher Willkürbewegungen gilt, indem es neuronale Impulse erzeugt, welche die Ausführung von Bewegungen steuern. Aktuellen neurowissenschaftlichen Untersu-chungen zufolge führen körperliche Aktivität im Allgemeinen und motorisches Lernen sowie regelmäßiges Training im Speziellen zu permanenten funktionellen und struk-turellen Anpassungen des Gehirns (Neuroplastizität). Darüber hinaus konnten bei SportlerInnen neuronale Expertise-Effekte nachgewiesen werden, die sich sowohl in einer angepassten Hirnmorphologie als auch in einer erhöhten Effizienz der neurona-len Verarbeitung manifestieren. Die Rolle des Gehirns und insbesondere motorisch relevanter Hirnareale bei der Ausführung einfacher und/oder komplexer (sportartspe-zifischer) Bewegungen sowie der Einfluss des Gehirns auf die motorische Leistungs-fähigkeit sind bisher jedoch nur unzureichend erforscht. Das Ziel der vorliegenden kumulativen Dissertation war daher unter Anwendung mo-dernster nicht-invasiver Bildgebungs- und Stimulationsverfahren in einem sportbezo-genen Kontext gegenwärtige Forschungslücken zu schließen. Dazu wurden zwei Studien durchgeführt, in denen neuronale Besonderheiten bei SportlerInnen im Ver-gleich zu Nicht-SportlerInnen untersucht wurden. Mit Hilfe der funktionellen Nahinfra-rotspektroskopie (fNIRS) konnte gezeigt werden, dass (1) die Hirnaktivität in Abhän-gigkeit zur Intensität während einer Radsportbelastung zunimmt, was darauf hindeu-tet, dass eine erhöhte Rekrutierung von Muskelfasern ein höheres Maß an neurona-len Ressourcen erfordert. In einer weiteren Studie wurde gezeigt, dass (2) die Erhö-hung der Erregbarkeit in motorisch relevanten Hirnarealen mittels transkranieller Gleichstromstimulation (tDCS) nicht per se zu positiven Effekten auf Verhaltensebe-ne führt, dass jedoch (3) bestimmte Parameter einer motorischen Leistung selektiv moduliert und optimiert werden können. Zusammenfassend unterstreichen die vorliegenden Ergebnisse das Potential nicht-invasiver Bildgebungs- und Stimulationsverfahren in einem sportbezogenen Kontext und tragen neue Erkenntnisse zu einem innovativen Forschungsgebiet bei. Die sys-tematische Anwendung dieser Methoden eröffnet neue Perspektiven in der zukünfti-gen Sportwissenschaft, um Trainingsergebnisse zu diagnostizieren, zu steigern und die motorische Leistungsfähigkeit von SportlerInnen zu optimieren. Dennoch bleiben einige Fragen bezüglich der zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen und möglichen Erklä-rungsansätzen noch unbeantwortet und müssen daher adressiert werden, um das gesamte Potential des Gehirns im Sport nutzen zu können. / Modern competitive and elite sports pursue the challenging goal of increasing the efficiency of training processes and thereby optimizing motor performance in ath-letes. In this context, the central nervous system is of crucial importance, since the brain is considered the initiator of any voluntary movements by generating neural impulses that control the execution of movements. According to current neuroscien-tific research, physical activity in general and motor learning and regular training in particular lead to permanent functional and structural brain adaptations (neuroplastic-ity). Moreover, neuronal expertise effects have been demonstrated in athletes, which are manifested both in adapted brain morphology and in increased efficiency of neu-ronal processing. However, the role of the brain and more specifically of motor-related brain areas during the execution of simple and/or complex (sport-specific) movements as well as the brain’s influence on motor performance still need to be clarified. Hence, the aim of the present cumulative dissertation was to apply state-of-the-art non-invasive brain imaging and stimulation techniques in a sports-related context focusing on current research gaps. Therefore, two studies were conducted to inves-tigate neuronal particularities in athletes compared to non-athletes. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), it has been demonstrated that (1) brain activa-tion increases as a function of intensity during a cycling exercise, indicating that in-creased recruitment of muscle fibers requires a higher level of neuronal resources. In a further study, it has been shown that (2) the increase of excitability in motor-related brain areas by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) does not per se translate into positive effects on a behavioral level, but that (3) certain parameters of motor performance can be selectively modulated and optimized. In summary, the present findings underline the potential of non-invasive brain imag-ing and stimulation techniques in a sports-related context and contribute novel knowledge to an innovative research field. The systematic application of these meth-ods provides new perspectives in future sports science in order to diagnose and in-crease training outcomes and optimize motor performance in athletes. However, several questions with regards to underlying mechanisms and potential explanations still remain elusive and need to be addressed to use the brain's entire potential in sports.
2

Educational Technology Use in Neurodiagnostic Clinical Skills Training

Marsh-Nation, Margaret Ann 01 January 2019 (has links)
The current shortage of clinical sites for neurodiagnostic technology (NDT) students is limiting enrollments and subsequently limiting graduates from NDT schools in the U.S. A lack of knowledge or consensus concerning the use of educational technology in NDT clinical skills training prompted this investigation. The purpose of this study was to explore the use of educational technology in providing NDT clinical skill training. This qualitative Delphi study was guided by experiential learning theory and cognitive constructionist epistemology. Thirty expert panelists were recruited to rate the effectiveness of educational technology methods in addressing neurodiagnostic competencies for electroencephalography. Twenty-four completed round one, twenty-two completed round two and nineteen completed the third and final round. The competencies were derived by combining national competencies or practice analysis from the United States, Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom for neurodiagnostic technologists performing electroencephalography (EEG). Results of the three rounds of the Delphi study were processed using the mean value and interquartile deviation for evaluation of consensus. Consensus among the expert panelists supported the potential effectiveness of educational technology to address neurodiagnostic graduate competencies for technologists performing EEG. In conclusion, the expert panel consensus was NDT clinical skills for performing EEG can be addressed using educational technology, followed by a post-graduate clinical residency. Using educational technology and a post-graduate residency could increase school capacity. An increase in graduate numbers would help sustain the existing schools, better supply the profession, and increase public access to quality neurodiagnostic care.

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