abstract: This dissertation analyzes two regional systems of involuntary servitude (Indian captive slavery and Mexican debt peonage) over a period spanning roughly two centuries. Following a chronological framework, it examines the development of captive slavery in the Southwest beginning in the early 1700s and lasting through the mid-1800s, by which time debt peonage emerged as a secondary form of coerced servitude that augmented Indian slavery in order to meet increasing demand for labor. While both peonage and captive slavery had an indelible impact on cultural and social systems in the Southwest, this dissertation places those two labor systems within the context of North American slavery and sectional agitation during the antebellum period. The existence of debt bondage and Indian captivity in New Mexico had a significant impact on America's judicial and political institutions during the Reconstruction era. Debt peonage and Indian slavery had a lasting influence on American politics during the period 1846 to 1867, forcing lawmakers to acknowledge the fact that slavery existed in many forms. Following the Civil War, legislators realized that the Thirteenth Amendment did not cast a wide enough net, because peonage and captive slavery were represented as voluntary in nature and remained commonplace throughout New Mexico. When Congress passed a measure in 1867 explicitly outlawing peonage and captive slavery in New Mexico, they implicitly acknowledged the shortcomings of the Thirteenth Amendment. The preexistence of peonage and Indian slavery in the Southwest inculcated a broader understanding of involuntary labor in post-Civil War America and helped to expand political and judicial philosophy regarding free labor. These two systems played a crucial role in America's transition from free to unfree labor in the mid-1800s and contributed to the judicial and political frameworks that undermined slavery. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation History 2016

The purpose of this research was to: (1) reconstruct climate for the malpais region from long-lived trees and remnant wood; (2) reconstruct the fire history of forests in the malpais; and (3) investigate short-term and long-term relationships between wildfire and climate. To reconstruct climate, I calibrated a 2,129 year long tree-ring chronology (136 BC - AD 1992) with annual rainfall (previous July to current July). Since AD 100, seven major long-term trends in rainfall occurred. Above normal rainfall occurred during AD 81-257, 521-660, 1024-1398 and 179 1- 1992, while below normal rainfall occurred during AD 258-520, 661-1023 and 1399- 1790. The prolonged drought from AD 258-520 was unsurpassed in its intensity, while rainfall during the most recent 200 years has exceeded any since AD 660. The reconstruction of long-term climate trends confirmed the general sequence of environmental change over the last 2,000 years for the southern Colorado Plateau. To reconstruct past fire occurrences, 217 fire-scarred trees were collected from nine sites representing the major habitat types of the malpais and dendrochronologically dated. Fire frequency was highest at sites on cinder cones and on the highly-weathered basalt flows (ca. once every five years), and lowest on the isolated kipukas and on the Hoya de Cibola Lava Flow (once every 10-12 years). Fire frequency decreased along a north to south gradient, reflecting changing vegetation properties. Combined information revealed fire occurred once every two years, while more widespread fires occurred once every 2.5 years. Fires were largely asynchronous between sites, suggesting the malpais landscape effectively hinders fire spread. Past fire history at El Malpais was characterized by four temporally distinct periods: (1) FH-1 (prior to 1782): high fire frequency, patchy fires, throughout the growing season; (2) FH-2 (1795 - 1880): longer fire intervals, widespread fires, mostly early season fires; (3) FH-3 (1893 - 1939): even longer intervals, decreased widespread fires; (4) FH-4 (1940 - 1992): longest fire-free periods during the last 600 years. The increase in rainfall and the simultaneous change in fire regimes ca. 1790 was likely related to an increase in summer monsoonal rainfall due to changes in hemispheric circulation patterns. The decrease in fire spread ca. 1880 was most likely due to intense sheep grazing, while the change ca. 1940 reflects greater efficiency in fire suppression techniques. The presettlement fire regime emphasizes that the current absence of fire in the monument exceeds the historical range of variability established for the presettlement period. Unless effects of past humanrelated disturbances are mitigated, fire regimes of El Malpais will continue to favor high-intensity, catastrophic fires.

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The purpose of this study was twofold: First, to analyze two methods of teaching mechanical drawing in the seventh grade by conducting an experiment to determine by which method the greatest amount of achievement was obtained by the students in the ability to visualize, sketch, letter, and understand three-view drawing; and second, to recommend a work plan and certain teaching techniques for teaching mechanical drawing in the seventh grade of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Junior High School, based upon the method by which the greater amount of achievement was indicated in the study.

The purpose of this Delphi study was to determine the essential components of dual credit in New Mexico. Dual credit experts from colleges and high schools in New Mexico were asked to participate in a three-round Delphi study to determine what the future policy of dual credit should be, and why it should be that way. Definitions of dual credit may vary significantly from one state or program to another. For the purpose of this study, dual credit program will be defined as “a program that allows high school students to enroll in college-level courses offered by a postsecondary institution that may be academic or career technical but not remedial or developmental, and simultaneously to earn credit toward high school graduation and a postsecondary degree or certificate” (SB 943, 2007, p. 1; Title 5, Chapter 55, Part 4, New Mexico Administrative Code, 2008, p. 1; Title 6, Chapter 30, Part 7, New Mexico Administrative Code, 2010, p. 1). Dual credit courses may be offered on a college campus, online, or at a high school location. The first round instrument was developed by the researcher based upon an extensive literature review regarding dual credit and specific items relating to the structure of dual credit in New Mexico. Subsequent instruments were developed based upon responses from the expert panel in the previous round. Consensus and non-consensus items were used to develop recommendations for dual credit policy and can be used by stakeholders to guide institution dual credit procedures. Recommendations from this study may be used by other states to analyze dual credit policies.

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This quantitative research has been designed to investigate fiscal equity for at-risk students in the State of New Mexico. This empirical data analysis compared equity indices before the At-Risk Index was implemented in the New Mexico public school funding formula in FY 1996-97 and after the At-Risk Index was included for FY 1997-98. Formula options based on the premise of vertical equity were reviewed. This research was selected as the 2001 New Scholars Program Award sponsored by the American Education Finance Association and the National Center for Education Statistics. The research model was presented at the 2002 AEFA National conference in Albuquerque, New Mexico. In brief, the results of the analyses showed that very modest fiscal equity gains occurred following the implementation of the At-Risk Index. However, the ability to achieve significant gains in equity scores were restricted due to a lack of state revenue growth. / Ed. D.

The purpose of this study was to make an evaluation of the elementary school program of Carlsbad, New Mexico, so that as clear and accurate a picture as possible might be obtained of present practices, to compare these practices with acceptable educational information and philosophy of the present time, and to make recommendations for improving the school program. The results of the study should be beneficial to administrators and teachers alike in the improvement of the schools.

The purpose of this study reported in these pages was to ascertain how well the educational system as practiced in the public high schools of New Mexico was complying, 1948-1949, with the provision of the state Constitution, included in Article XII, which stipulates that "a uniform system of free public schools sufficient for the education of, and open to, all the children of school age in the state shall be established and maintained."