Purpose: The purpose of this study was three-fold; to investigate the use of pain assessment tools and pain reduction strategies during minor painful procedures in neonatal units in Australia; to map the history of an infant’s prolonged hospitalisation in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit with respect to painful procedures and pain management practices, and to describe the effectiveness of oral sucrose in reducing procedural pain during the course of an infant’s prolonged hospitalisation (greater than/equal to 28 days). (For complete abstract open document)