A presença de folhas após a colheita é muito importante para a videira, pois é neste período que ocorrerá o acúmulo de reservas necessário para o próximo ciclo. O trabalho teve como objetivo, estudar a influência da desfolha precoce (desfolha realizada após a colheita) da uva Niagara Rosada no rendimento das safras subsequentes. Foram estabelecidas as desfolhas artificiais com intensidades de 25% e 50%, realizadas em 4 épocas distintas: 30 dias após a colheita, 45 dias após a colheita, 60 dias após a colheita e 75 dias após a colheita. O tratamento controle foi de 0% de desfolha, com manutenção da área foliar através de pulverizações e a testemunha sem tratamento fitossanitário. No ciclo de produção tradicional (Poda Seca realizada no inverno) foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: a) massa dos ramos após desfolha; b) % de brotação; c) crescimento dos ramos; d) número de cachos; e) massa dos cachos; f) oBRIX; g) produção. No ciclo de produção chamado de Poda Verde, realizada no mês de fevereiro, as variáveis analisadas foram: a) crescimento dos ramos; b) produção; c) massa dos cachos. Verificou-se que a massa dos ramos decresceu à medida que se aumentou o nível de desfolha; a testemunha apresentou uma menor massa que o tratamento 0% de desfolha (controle). Nenhuma diferença foi observada no crescimento e taxa de crescimento dos ramos entre os diferentes tratamentos realizados durante a Poda Seca e Poda Verde. Porém, entre as podas (seca e verde) pode-se observar diferenças nessas variáveis. O comprimento dos ramos foi maior na Poda Seca enquanto que a taxa de crescimento dos ramos foi maior nos primeiros 20 dias na Poda Verde. A brotação no tratamento com 0% de desfolha (controle) foi mais rápida do que nos demais tratamentos. Os tratamentos com 25% de desfolha, independente da época, foram relativamente superiores aos tratamentos que receberam 50% de desfolha. O número de cachos não foi influenciado pela desfolha, assim como o oBRIX. A massa dos cacho foi sempre superior para o tratamento com 0% de desfolha (controle), tanto na Poda Seca como na Poda Verde. A testemunha, que sofreu ataque de patógenos, teve sempre a menor massa (produção) nas duas podas. A massa dos cachos, em todos os tratamentos, foi maior na Poda Seca do que na Poda Verde. A produção no tratamento 0% de desfolha (controle) foi maior nas duas safras, enquanto que a produção na testemunha foi menor, quando comparados aos demais tratamentos. / The foliage presence, on the grape plant, after harvest is very important, because it is in this period that carbohydrate will be accumulated to be used in the next season by the plant. The objective of this work was to study the influence of the defoliation after the harvest. It was established the following artificial defoliation levels: 25% and 50%, with 4 distinct times: 30 days after harvest, 45 days after harvest, 60 days after harvest and 75 days after harvest. The control treatment was 0% artificial defoliation , with fungicides treatment, with the objective to maintain the foliar area and the untreated, with 0% artificial defoliation, but without fungicides treatment. In the traditional grape production in this region ("dry pruning" realized in the winter time), the variables analyzed were: a) shoots weight after defoliation; b) % buds burst; c) shoots growth; d) number of bunches; e) weight of the bunches; f) oBRIX; g) production. The next production, called "Green pruning", the variables analyzed were: a) shoots growth; b) weight of the bunches; c) production. The weight of the shoots decreased as we increased the defoliation level; the untreated, even not having any artificial defoliation, just like 0% defoliation treatment, it showed less weight. The growth of the shoots and the growth speed did not show any difference among the treatments within "dry pruning" and within "green pruning", but there was a difference between the treatments in the "dry pruning" compared with the treatment in the "green pruning"; the shoot length was longer for the "dry pruning" and the growth speed was faster in the "green pruning", in the first 20 days. The 0% defoliation treatment showed a faster buds burst and all 25% defoliation treatments showed a slightly superiority buds burst over 50% treatments. The number of bunches was the same for all treatments, as well as oBRIX. The bunches weight and the production were higher on 0% defoliation treatment and lower for the untreated in both harvest. All treatments production and bunches weight were higher on the "dry pruning" than on the "green pruning".

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Celio Potrich.pdf: 1079866 bytes, checksum: 6ea64bf742745aead003f2b6d5f45c74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The rustic grapes cultivation is recent in Toledo (PR), thought the area and production have increased 67.69% and 62.08% respectively in the last ten years. Thus are necessary researches about these cultivars in the region, seeking an increase in agronomic qualities. The goal of this research was evaluate the production and quality of American native grapes grafted on soil and climatic conditions of Toledo. For this, we used in the experiment three American cultivars (rustics) vine (Bordô, Isabel Precoce and Niagara Rosada) grafted on two rootstocks (IAC-Campinas 766 and 420-A). The experiment began in 2010, in particular property located in St. Valentin Line, Toledo (PR). Was employed as spacing 2.00 m between rows and 1.25 m between plants. The harvests 2011/12, 2012/13, 2013/14 and 2014/15 were evaluated the number of bunches per plants average size of fruits (cm), production per plant (kg) and soluble solids (° Brix). The experimental design was in randomizes blocks in factorial 3x3x4 scheme (form of propagation x cultivars x crop) containing 4 replications and 8 plants per treatment. In the average size of fruits (cm) the cultivar Bordô was higher in 2014/2015. Another important factor is that the rootstocks were higher than the ungrafted. The Isabel Precoce and Niagara Rosada when grafted did not differ to ungrafted. When compared the harvests, pé-Franco only equaled the grafted cultivars in crop 2014/2015. The number of fruits per plant did not differ statistically. Rootstocks did not influence the cultivars for the parameter production plants (kg plant-1). For soluble solids (Brix) in the cultivar Bordô with IAC-766 rootstock was superior to 420-A, but doesn‟t differed from ungrafted. The grafted Isabel Precoce were similar to ungrafted. However for ungrafted Niagara Rosada and grafted with IAC-766 rootstock were higher than grafted with 420-A rootstock. Both rootstocks as pé-franco are possible to use at conditions in the Toledo region (PR) / O cultivo de videiras americanas ainda é considerado recente em Toledo (PR), entretanto sua área aumentou nos últimos dez anos em 67,69% e a produção em 62,08%. Desse modo verifica-se a necessidade do desenvolvimento de pesquisas sobre comportamento de cultivares americanas na região, visando um aumento nas suas qualidades agronômicas. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se avaliar a produção e qualidade de cultivares de uvas americanas enxertadas sobre porta-enxertos em condições edafoclimáticas de Toledo. Para isso, utilizou-se no experimento três cultivares copas americanas (rústicas) de videira (Bordô, Isabel Precoce e Niagara Rosada) enxertadas sobre dois porta-enxertos (IAC-766 Campinas e 420-A). O experimento iniciou-se no ano de 2010, em propriedade particular localizada na Linha São Valentin, Toledo (PR). Empregou-se como espaçamento 2,00 m entre fileiras e 1,25 m entre plantas. Nas safras 2011/12, 2012/13, 2013/14 e 2014/15 avaliaram-se o número de cachos planta-1, comprimento dos cachos (cm), produção planta-1 (kg) e sólidos solúveis (°Brix). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3x3x4 (forma de propagação x cultivares x safras), contendo 4 repetições e 8 plantas por tratamento. No parâmetro comprimento de cacho, a cultivar Bordô na safra 2014/2015 foi superior. Outro fator importante é que os porta-enxertos foram superiores ao pé-franco. Para as cultivares copa Isabel Precoce e Niagara Rosada, os porta-enxertos não diferiram em relação ao pé-franco. Quando comparada às safras os pés-franco somente igualaram as cultivares enxertadas na safra 2014/2015. O número de cachos planta-1 não diferiram estatisticamente. Os porta-enxertos não influenciaram nas cultivares para o parâmetro produção das plantas (kg/planta). Para sólidos solúveis (ºBrix) na cultivar Bordô o porta-enxerto IAC-766 Campinas foi superior ao 420-A, mas diferiu do pé-franco. Na cultivar Isabel Precoce os porta-enxertos foram similares ao pé-franco. Entretanto para a cultivar Niagara Rosada o pé-franco e o porta-enxerto IAC-766 Campinas foram superiores ao porta-enxerto 420-A. Tanto os porta-enxertos quanto os pés-francos são possíveis de utilização nas condições edafoclimáticas na região de Toledo (PR)

A presença de folhas após a colheita é muito importante para a videira, pois é neste período que ocorrerá o acúmulo de reservas necessário para o próximo ciclo. O trabalho teve como objetivo, estudar a influência da desfolha precoce (desfolha realizada após a colheita) da uva Niagara Rosada no rendimento das safras subsequentes. Foram estabelecidas as desfolhas artificiais com intensidades de 25% e 50%, realizadas em 4 épocas distintas: 30 dias após a colheita, 45 dias após a colheita, 60 dias após a colheita e 75 dias após a colheita. O tratamento controle foi de 0% de desfolha, com manutenção da área foliar através de pulverizações e a testemunha sem tratamento fitossanitário. No ciclo de produção tradicional (Poda Seca realizada no inverno) foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: a) massa dos ramos após desfolha; b) % de brotação; c) crescimento dos ramos; d) número de cachos; e) massa dos cachos; f) oBRIX; g) produção. No ciclo de produção chamado de Poda Verde, realizada no mês de fevereiro, as variáveis analisadas foram: a) crescimento dos ramos; b) produção; c) massa dos cachos. Verificou-se que a massa dos ramos decresceu à medida que se aumentou o nível de desfolha; a testemunha apresentou uma menor massa que o tratamento 0% de desfolha (controle). Nenhuma diferença foi observada no crescimento e taxa de crescimento dos ramos entre os diferentes tratamentos realizados durante a Poda Seca e Poda Verde. Porém, entre as podas (seca e verde) pode-se observar diferenças nessas variáveis. O comprimento dos ramos foi maior na Poda Seca enquanto que a taxa de crescimento dos ramos foi maior nos primeiros 20 dias na Poda Verde. A brotação no tratamento com 0% de desfolha (controle) foi mais rápida do que nos demais tratamentos. Os tratamentos com 25% de desfolha, independente da época, foram relativamente superiores aos tratamentos que receberam 50% de desfolha. O número de cachos não foi influenciado pela desfolha, assim como o oBRIX. A massa dos cacho foi sempre superior para o tratamento com 0% de desfolha (controle), tanto na Poda Seca como na Poda Verde. A testemunha, que sofreu ataque de patógenos, teve sempre a menor massa (produção) nas duas podas. A massa dos cachos, em todos os tratamentos, foi maior na Poda Seca do que na Poda Verde. A produção no tratamento 0% de desfolha (controle) foi maior nas duas safras, enquanto que a produção na testemunha foi menor, quando comparados aos demais tratamentos. / The foliage presence, on the grape plant, after harvest is very important, because it is in this period that carbohydrate will be accumulated to be used in the next season by the plant. The objective of this work was to study the influence of the defoliation after the harvest. It was established the following artificial defoliation levels: 25% and 50%, with 4 distinct times: 30 days after harvest, 45 days after harvest, 60 days after harvest and 75 days after harvest. The control treatment was 0% artificial defoliation , with fungicides treatment, with the objective to maintain the foliar area and the untreated, with 0% artificial defoliation, but without fungicides treatment. In the traditional grape production in this region (“dry pruning” realized in the winter time), the variables analyzed were: a) shoots weight after defoliation; b) % buds burst; c) shoots growth; d) number of bunches; e) weight of the bunches; f) oBRIX; g) production. The next production, called “Green pruning”, the variables analyzed were: a) shoots growth; b) weight of the bunches; c) production. The weight of the shoots decreased as we increased the defoliation level; the untreated, even not having any artificial defoliation, just like 0% defoliation treatment, it showed less weight. The growth of the shoots and the growth speed did not show any difference among the treatments within “dry pruning” and within “green pruning”, but there was a difference between the treatments in the “dry pruning” compared with the treatment in the “green pruning”; the shoot length was longer for the “dry pruning” and the growth speed was faster in the “green pruning”, in the first 20 days. The 0% defoliation treatment showed a faster buds burst and all 25% defoliation treatments showed a slightly superiority buds burst over 50% treatments. The number of bunches was the same for all treatments, as well as oBRIX. The bunches weight and the production were higher on 0% defoliation treatment and lower for the untreated in both harvest. All treatments production and bunches weight were higher on the “dry pruning” than on the “green pruning”.

During the production of agricultural commodities, an agricultural landscape is simultaneously being produced. In many regions, agriculture is no longer valued for just the production of food and fibre but also for the social, cultural and environmental amenities associated with the landscape. The paradigm of multifunctional agriculture has become concerned with the joint production of agricultural products and these rural amenities. The loss of agricultural land especially in areas around the urban-rural fringe has greatly affected the demand for these rural amenities. In response, governments and volunteer organizations have developed programs to preserve farmland. The Niagara Region is home to some of the best fruit growing land in Canada but has a long history of fighting to maintain its farmland. Drawing from the multifunctional paradigm, this study analyzes the preference for different rural amenities and farmland preservation in this unique region. Survey and interviews conducted with both the non-farm population and farmers indicated that demand exists for maintaining rural amenities and for farmland preservation. Consideration of these preferences will enhance the development of farmland preservation in the Niagara Fruit Belt.

During the production of agricultural commodities, an agricultural landscape is simultaneously being produced. In many regions, agriculture is no longer valued for just the production of food and fibre but also for the social, cultural and environmental amenities associated with the landscape. The paradigm of multifunctional agriculture has become concerned with the joint production of agricultural products and these rural amenities. The loss of agricultural land especially in areas around the urban-rural fringe has greatly affected the demand for these rural amenities. In response, governments and volunteer organizations have developed programs to preserve farmland. The Niagara Region is home to some of the best fruit growing land in Canada but has a long history of fighting to maintain its farmland. Drawing from the multifunctional paradigm, this study analyzes the preference for different rural amenities and farmland preservation in this unique region. Survey and interviews conducted with both the non-farm population and farmers indicated that demand exists for maintaining rural amenities and for farmland preservation. Consideration of these preferences will enhance the development of farmland preservation in the Niagara Fruit Belt.

Texte remanié de la thèse de l'auteur. / Bibliogr. p. 375-385.

<p> Four measured sections of the Whirlpool Sandstone were prepared from outcrops in the Niagara Gorge and Hamilton areas. Sedimentary structures and constituents present in the lower two-thirds of the unit are consistent with the sandy braided fluvial depositional model. proposed by Salas [1983]. The upper one-third of the unit has been deposited in a near shore, shallow marine environment. All samples have been classified as Quartzarenites, or Sublitharenites after Folk [1974] and the source of the Whirlpool lies to the southeast in primarily pre-existing sediments, with some input from low grade metamorphic and hydrothermally veined terrains. </p> <p> Cathodoluminescent microscopy has proven to be a safe, relatively inexpensive, easy to use method, that offers a great deal of new information. The technique's only drawback is the gradual destruction of thin sections by the electron beam. The CL study demonstrated that pressure solution was not the source of the massive, pore occluding, mesodiagenetic quartz cement. Since very low diagenetic temperatures have been calculated for the Whirlpool in the study area [360C]; the local generation of silica would be impossible. Instead, it has been suggested that silica was carried in by saturated pore fluids that had migrated up-dip from source areas deep within the depositional basin to the southeast. Similarly, pyrite was precipitated as H2S bearing fluids migrated through the unit. These reducing fluids also produced the reduced zone at the top of the Queenston Formation. The H2S was produced during the maturation of hydrocarbons. Calcite cement is more abundant in the upper marine units of the Whirlpool. This suggests that the source of the calcite was local detrital carbonate in the upper marine units. Quartz cementation ceased when the porosity had been reduced sufficiently to inhibit the passage of the migrating pore fluids. Thus, the calcite cement precipitated from static pore fluids. The local detrital carbonate was dissolved by the acidic fluids that carried in the silica. This Ca+2 rich fluid was prevented from mixing with the bulk porewater and calcite precipitation occurred due to an increase in C02 by the decay of organic detritus in the upper marine units. The major proportion of secondary porosity was formed during mesodiagenesis by the dissolution of calcite. The pore fluids became undersaturated with respect to calcite when local intershale water was released into the porewater. The formation of dolomite cement was in response to a decrease in the amount of available iron relative to magnesium due to the precipitation of ferroan calcite. The zonation of the dolomite reflects rapid changes in porewater composition. Four morphologies of illite have been identified: two represent direct precipitation from alkaline, K+ rich solution; one may be detrital in origin, or it could represent illite that has been mechanically infiltrated down into the sand after deposition; and the fourth is a mixed layer assemblage that has been formed by the replacement of earlier clays by illite. The oil and gas found in the Whirlpool Sandstone in the Lake Erie area have probably migrated up-dip from source areas deep within the depositional basin to the southeast. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)

<p> Urban development in the Niagara fruit belt has long been a problem for the area. The gradual beginnings of small non-rural land uses created demand for the infrastructure that literally paved the way for large scale urbanization of this agricultural land. Development has continued to the point that the fruit belt's viability as an agricultural resource, is threatened. This paper outlines a history of events the fruit belt, it's importance to Canada's agricultural industry, the threats to the area and the conflicting views in order to determine whether or not the fruit belt can be preserved for agriculture. In this, it was discovered that the greatest threats to the area originate from economic conditions favouring urban development. This thesis provides a basis on which future planning and development for the fruit belt can be assessed. It also indicates the extent of damage and conditions in order to determine the possibility of saving the area.</p> / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy

A field and textural investigation of the Medina Formation has been made. The thesis includes a brief analysis of the microscopic sedimentological properties of the sandy facies, a detailed study of the paleocurrent indicators, and a study of the distribution of the more typical sedimentary structures. Analytical laboratory data, primary sedimentary structures, and outcrop data have been used to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental setting of the Lower Silurian rocks exposed along the Niagara Escarpment from Hamilton (Ontario) to Fulton (New York). They indicate a complex of sub-environments within the broad model of a delta, with the direction of current movement being from the South-East in the eastern part of the area under study and from South-West and North-East in the western part. The determination of these two paleocurrent systems forms a major contribution of this work. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

A viticultura no Brasil e no Estado de São Paulo encontra-se em expansão nos últimos 10 anos e a cv. Niagara Rosada (Vitis labrusca) se destaca como principal cultivar para produção de uvas para mesa. Essa cultivar é suscetível à várias doenças foliares, como a ferrugem (Phakopsora euvitis) e o míldio (Plasmopara viticola). Não existem estimativas quantitativas dos danos causados por essas doenças na cv. Niagara Rosada. Diante do exposto os objetivos desse trabalho foram quantificar os efeitos da ferrugem e do míldio nas trocas gasosas, nas limitações da fotossíntese, no acúmulo de biomassa, no acúmulo de carboidratos, e na produção da cv. Niagara Rosada e desenvolver um modelo de simulação para V. labrusca acoplado com os mecanismos de danos da ferrugem e míldio. Experimentos foram conduzidos, separadamente para cada doença, em condições controladas, em mudas inoculadas com diferentes concentrações de P. euvitis e P. viticola e em campo experimental. Medidas de trocas gasosas e curvas de resposta da taxa líquida de assimilação de CO2 ao aumento da concentração intercelular de CO2 (Ci) foram realizadas em mudas sadias e infectadas com P. euvitis e P. viticola. Teores de açúcares solúveis totais, sacarose e amido foram determinados em plantas sadias e inoculadas com os patógenos. P. euvitis e P. viticola reduziram a taxa fotossintética em plantas infectadas tanto na área da lesão como no tecido verde adjacente a lesão (lesão virtual). Valores do parâmetro &beta;, indicativo da lesão virtual, foram de 5,7 e 2,9, respectivamente para P. euvitis e P. viticola. P. euvitis reduziu em 48%, 36% e 67% a atividade da Rubisco (Vcmax), a taxa máxima de transporte de elétrons usados para a regeneraração da RuBP (Jmax) e a condutância do mesofilo (gm), respectivamente, em folhas infectadas. A área foliar e biomassa de raízes em mudas inoculadas com P. euvitis foram reduzidas. Através de análises histopatológicas e da quantificação de amido nas folhas sadias e doentes foi possível observar o acúmulo de amido em regiões adjacentes às pústulas de P. euvitis. Mesmo em baixas severidades da ferrugem já se observam reduções no acúmulo de carboidratos em raízes. P. viticola reduziu Vcmax em 23,5 % em folhas infectadas comparadas às folhas sadias. P. viticola reduziu a biomassa de raízes e quantidade de carboidratos nas raízes de mudas doentes e de plantas no campo em ano de alta severidade da doença. Plantas no campo com sintomas míldio produziram em média 0,5 kg a menos do que plantas sadias e a principal causa da redução na produção foi a queda de bagas causada pela infecção de P. viticola nos cachos. Um modelo de simulação para Vitis labrusca foi desenvolvido, utilizando o software Stella&reg;. A produção, partição e dinâmica da biomassa da videira foi simulada ao longo de 20 anos e os efeitos de P. euvitis e P. viticola na redução do tecido verde sadio da planta, na redução da eficiência fotossintética, no desvio de assimilados, na aceleração da senescência foliar e na queda de frutos foram inseridos no modelo. / Viticulture in Brazil and in the state of São Paulo has increased in the last 10 years and cv. Niagara Rosada (Vitis labrusca) is the main cultivar for the production of table grapes. This cultivar is susceptible to several foliar diseases, such as rust (Phakopsora euvitis) and downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola). There are no quantitative estimates of the damage caused by these pathogens in cv. Niagara Rosada. The objectives of this work were to quantify the effects of rust and downy mildew on gas exchange, photosynthesis limitations, biomass accumulation, carbohydrate accumulation and production of cv. Niagara Rosada and to develop a simulation model for V. labrusca coupled with damage mechanisms caused by rust and mildew. Experiments were conducted, independently for each disease, under controlled conditions in potted plants inoculated with different concentrations of P. euvitis and P. viticola and in experimental field, with natural occurrence of diseases. Measurements of gas exchange and response curves of photosynthetic rate to the increase of the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) were carried out in healthy plants and infected plants with P. euvitis and P. viticola. Total soluble sugars, sucrose and starch contents were determined in healthy plants and inoculated plants with the pathogens and kept under controlled conditions. P. euvitis and P. viticola reduced the photosynthetic rate in infected plants both in the area of the lesion and in the green tissue adjacent to the lesion (virtual lesion). Values of parameter &beta;, indicative of the virtual lesion, were 5.8 and 2.9, respectively for P. euvitis and P. viticola. P. euvitis reduced the activity of Rubisco (Vcmax), rate of electrons transport contributing for the RuBP-regeneration (Jmax) and the conductance of mesophyll (gm), respectively, on infected leaves by 48%, 36% and 67%. The severity of P. euvitis reduced leaf area and biomass of plant roots. The histopathological analysis and starch quantification in the leaves allowed to observe starch accumulation in regions adjacent to the pustules of P. euvitis. Even in low disease severities, reductions in carbohydrates accumulation of in roots are already observed. P. viticola reduced Vcmax by 23.5% in infected leaves compared to healthy leaves. P. viticola reduced the root biomass and carbohydrate amounts in the roots of potted plants and plants in the field in the year of high disease severity. Field plants with mildew symptoms produced on average 0.5 kg less than healthy plantsand the main cause of reduction in production was the drop of berries caused by infection of P. viticola in the clusters. A simulation model for Vitis labrusca was developed using Stella &reg; software. The production, partitioning and dynamics of grapevine biomass was simulated over 20 years and the effects of P. euvitis and P. viticola on the reduction of healthy green plant tissue and photosynthetic efficiency, the assimilative sapper, leaf senescence acceleration and fruit drop were coupled in the model.