Research Report submitted to the University of the Witwatersrand, School of Governance in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Management in Public and Development Management (50% Research) / Since the development of the World Programme of Action for Youth to the year 2000 and Beyond (United Nations, 2010), youth and the associated development issues that affect and are effected by them have risen to prominence. In South Africa, 66% of the population are under the age of 34 (the cut-off age for youth), and 36% are between the ages of 15-34 years old, and there is a general perception and concern that current youth policy is failing (Maupa, 2013; NUMSA Bulletin basic, 2014; Setiloane, 2014; South African Broadcasting Corporation, 2011). From anecdotal evidence, personal experience as a youth development practitioner and brief analysis of the literature, there appears to be limited strategic and deliberate engagement of youth and youth-oriented CSOs in the youth policy formulation and implementation process. The purpose of this research is to explore the perceived and real barriers to the involvement of CSOs in youth policy implementation in South Africa. A policy implementation research lens is applied in a broad analysis of the National Youth Policy 2015-2020 and its implementation, exploration of the involvement of CSOs in the policy process and assessment of perceived and real barriers of involvement for CSOs. The research study was an attempt to address the identified knowledge gap regarding youth policy implementation in the South African context (O’Toole, 2000; Saetren, 2005) and the potential role of civil society in that policy process. To some extent, the data, findings and analysis discussed addressed the knowledge gap in that they described how the youth policy is being implemented; identified the key role players in the implementation, and the ways in which civil society may be involved. The research findings and analysis answered the research questions, revealing the barriers to civil society, the nature of youth and CSO engagement by government. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the policy implementation, youth engagement, and civil society involvement, providing clarity and recommendations that may enhance youth participation and civil society and state partnership in policy implementation. / MT2017

Child protection refers to the systems put in place to prevent child abuse and maltreatment and to promote and enhance the well‐being of children. Child protection has been basically a constitutional issue for the state to protect children. Existing civil society organisations emerged as community collective organisations that were meant to voice out the concerns and demands of the public to their governments with regards to some problematic issues in their communities. Gradually, NGOs shifted their focus from reactive approaches to be more proactive in the manner they addressed the community issues and hence they incorporated child protection activities in their programmes. However, they are faced with criticism in focusing more on preventative and early intervention measures in child protection. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of NGOs as change agents in child protection. The study was qualitative in nature and used a multi‐case study design. The study population consisted of 4 Directors /Managers from the 4 NGOs for the study as well as 6 Social Workers from the 4 NGOs, 3 councillors and 1 chief from the district and 2 key informants from the Department of Social Development and the South African Police Services. Semi‐structured interview schedules were used to get the information from the respondents through face to face interviews. The findings from the study are: NGOs contribute to the social protection of children by preventing child abuse, promoting the wellbeing of children and protecting their rights, building of resilience in children and their families and creating partnerships with other role players to provide holistic child protection services. The findings also revealed that revealed that communities perceive NGOs as the immediate service providers in their communities and promoters of child well‐being and better social functioning of children. The findings from the study also revealed that NGOs are seen as change agents in terms of socio‐economic development of communities. However, the study showed that communities perceived that NGOs render poor service and also that their programmes had a negative impact on children and their families. The findings of the study identified the following challenges faced by NGOs in their work of child protection which are role confusion, lack of cooperation, malfunctioning child protection systems and lack of resources. The study recommends that child protection policy and processes around prevention, early intervention, statutory services and continuum of care be relooked and be improved and that programmes of child protection be child centred and yet be inclusive of parents as well. The study suggests that the child protection role players need to be capacitated and funded more to improve service delivery in child protection.

This study describes and reflects on the partnership between Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Community-Based Organisations (CBOs) in implementing development projects in Mozambique. This is a qualitative case study, whose methods of data collection were in-depth semi-structured interviews and document analysis. The study was conducted with two NGOs (one international and one national) and with four CBOs and it took place in Nampula and Gaza provinces and the capital Maputo. The data were analyzed using quantitative method. NGOs and CBOs are different entities in terms of their levels of actuation, responsibilities, nature, and also differ in terms of resources, such as access to information, funding sources and human resources. These differences have raised questions around the possibility of the establishment of an equitable and properly functioning partnership between entities that differ so much in na}ure. The NGOs depend majorly on external funds to support the CBOs; however they also rely on their own funds or funds made available by local funders' institutions. Equally, the CBOs also undertake, some income activity generation, whose income is used for their own institutional expenses and also to support some community needs, though they rely mostly on funds provided by the NGOs. The central idea of this study is that despite the differences between NGOs and CBOs they can establish a balanced partnership based on the recognition of the contribution of each partner and on the significance both attribute to the partnership. The differences constitute the basis of the partnership which in turn allows the acquisition of mutual benefits, recognition and sharing of power. In terms of theoretical framework, I have used Agency theory wherein the NGO is the "Principal" which in a relationship governed by a contract delegates the CBOs as the "Agent" of the implementation of projects in the communities. vii The results showed that the partnership between NGOs and CBOs is characterised by complementarities, mutual benefits, exchange, contribution, and sharing of power by both. The partnership is also based on recognition of the weaknesses, strengths and value of each pa1iner which give place to a balanced partnership. However being a balanced partnership it is also characterised by conflicts that result from the difference of interest between NGOs and CBOs. Risk constitutes another element that characterizes this partnership since the NGOs delegate the CBOs the implementation of the project and not always the CBOs will perform as it is advocated in the contract. Though, as the partnership is valuable for both, NGOs and CBOs will engage in developing strategies for minimising the potential risk in order to maintain and maximise the partnership. The data also showed that the locus of conflict and risk are essentially linked to misusage of money. Since the CBOs implement the project and are institutionally independent from the NGOs, the NGOs develop some strategies of control to ensure that the CBOs will act in accordance of what the contract advocates. It is within these strategies wherein the conflict arises, especidlly because the CBOs do not always understand some of the strategies adopted by NGOs to ensure the accomplishment of the contract what led the CBOs also to adopt some strategies of resistance. In terms of power and decision-making the data showed that both exercise different kind of power and the CBOs influence the decision-making process, though the NGOs showed to have greater control over the process. The contribution of this study to the existing literature lies in the fact that it brings a different approach to the power relations between NGOs and CBOs, which is usually seen as a relationship of the exercise of power by the NGOs over the CBOs. The study seeks to show that the strategies of resistance, counter power and negotiation developed by the CBOs constitute a different form of exercise of power and influence. It also shows that the CBOs are not passive actors in the partnership because they develop strategies to influence and attract the NGOs in the establishment of partnership and decision-making throughout the project cycle.

The first essay considers the relative effectiveness of government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as channels to allocate resources. I use a catastrophic climate-related shock--Hurricane Mitch--to examine the political economy of these channels of aid distribution at the micro level. I combine extensive data on aid received by Nicaraguan households with data on municipal election outcomes and an exogenous, precipitation-based measure of hurricane impact. I find that the hurricane had long-lasting effects on the aid received by households from both NGOs and the government. In the short term, however, the government did not provide aid according to the objective measure of hurricane damage but instead provided aid along political lines. The second essay presents estimates of a relationship between extreme hot temperatures during gestation and a child's subsequent physical well-being in a sample of children in Peru, thus extending existing evidence constructed from U.S. data. Estimates are constructed using high-resolution gridded climate data and geo-coded household surveys. The results suggest that a period of extreme heat (a month whose average temperature is more than 2 standard deviations above the local average) in the period 1 to 3 months before birth is associated with lower weight at birth and a reduction in height (measured 1 to 59 months after birth) that cannot be fully explained by birth weight. There is no evidence of differential maternal investment, as measured by duration of breastfeeding, according to a child's exposure to extreme heat during gestation. The third essay asks whether improved treatment of HIV/AIDS in Africa can be achieved simply by paying health workers to do more. I present estimates of the impact of financial incentives paid to individual workers at public health facilities in Mozambique. The results suggest that piece-rate incentives increased the delivery of five out of fourteen health services for which treatment effects can be identified, with estimated increases ranging from 34 to 157 percent, depending on the particular service. I find no evidence of a corresponding decrease in the delivery of services that are not financially incentivized, suggesting that there is no "crowding out" of intrinsic motivation.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / The study sought to evaluate the challenges and opportunities for effective community participation in rural development projects in Zimbabwe through one case-study, and in turn to test the credibility of the popularized supposition that almost all contemporary development efforts characteristically embrace local participation. This matters as public participation is widely assumed to be an essential ingredient for the fruition of rural development efforts. The case examined was to achieve this aim. The research made use of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies in which various data gathering instruments were used. Among them were unstructured interviews, focus group discussions and questionnaires. The discussion and analysis of data was enabled by the use of People-Centered Development (PCD) as a conceptual framework. Among other findings, a key insight of the research was that the level of community participation in this case is not only minimal, but it is also top down. This has much to do with the negative perceptions by facilitating agents of local people as passive recipients of externally crafted models of development and other factors such as the power dynamics within and between the community and other stakeholders. The research also found out other obstacles that militate against effective participation such as preferential treatment of other tribal groups by the facilitating agent, intra group conflicts and bureaucratic and political influence. Based on these findings, and consistent with the wider literature, a key recommendation of the research is that the nature of community engagement should be based on the principle of equal partnership among all stakeholders as this would encourage full cooperation and thus effective participation.

No description available.

Wong, Wai Man Natalie. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-128). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Notes --- p.vii / Lists of Figures and Tables --- p.viii / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background of the Study - Transboundary movement of electronic waste (e-waste) --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Definition of Structure of NGOs Networks --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANs) --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Variables in TANs --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4 --- Organization of this Study --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5 --- Methodology --- p.18 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- REVIEWING TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY NETWORKS IN TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1 --- Overview: Expansion of INGOs --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Debates: State-centric vs. Non State-centric in World Politics --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Transnational Activism in World Politics --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3 --- Networks in Transnational Activisms --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Linkages in Transnational Activism between the North and the South --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- NGOs Networking: Two Levels Analysis --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4 --- TANs in Transnational Activisms --- p.34 / Chapter 2.5 --- Transnational Activism in Asia --- p.43 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- WHAT HAS THE GREENPEACE DONE IN ANTI TOXIC E-WASTE CAMPAGINS IN CHINA AND THE PHILIPPINES? --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1 --- Problems of e-waste --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Greenpeace China in Anti-toxic e-waste Campaign --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Greenpeace Philippines in Anti-toxic e-waste Campaign --- p.64 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- COMPARISON OF THE STRUCTURE OF GREENPEACE NETWORKS IN CHINA AND THE PHILIPPINES --- p.76 / Chapter 4.1 --- History of INGOs in China and the Philippines --- p.76 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- History of INGOs in China --- p.76 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- History of INGOs in the Philippines --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2 --- Greenpeace - National Government Relationship --- p.92 / Chapter 4.3 --- Greenpeace - Local Governments Relationship --- p.95 / Chapter 4.4 --- Greenpeace - Local NGOs Relationship --- p.96 / Chapter 4.5 --- Greenpeace - Others INGOs and Greenpeace International Relationship --- p.101 / Chapter 4.6 --- Unique factor: “Clan´ح in the operation of TANs --- p.105 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.108 / Appendixes --- p.118 / Bibliography --- p.120

Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2010 / This study was undertaken in the Limpopo province, South Africa. Its aim was to assess the capacity of the NGOs that benefitted from Masibambane which is a donor funded programme and to examine the contributions that they are making towards addressing the water and sanitation challenges. This programme made funding available to capacitate the NGOs with the hope that they will assist the sector. Five NGOs which are operating in various districts in the province were included in the study. This was a qualitative study. Purposive sampling was used to select participants from NGOs, municipalities, Department of Water Affairs and communities. Primary data were collected through interviews, focused groups and observations in the field while secondary data were obtained from NGO and Water Affairs documents. The findings of this study revealed that The Mvula Trust and Tsogang Water and Sanitation NGOs have the capacity to implement both water and sanitation infrastructure projects at a village level. Operation Hunger‟s expertise regarding water infrastructure projects is on digging boreholes and installing hand pipes even though it diversified to include water conservation. Akanani Rural Development Association has the expertise of building sanitation facilities while Thlavhama Training Initiative is still learning. It was also discovered that NGOs are good at mobilizing communities and also have the capacity to impart skills to the communities. Participants from NGOs confirmed that learning occurred through Masibambane programme even though some felt that the needs of the NGOs were not adequately addressed.

No description available.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.