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The future experimental programs both at FNAL and at CERN will have a strong focus on the search for new physics at the intensity frontier. In order to provide beams of unprecedented intensities to the various experiments at these labs, the booster accelerators in which the beams originate must perform far beyond their original design specifications. The optical properties of the booster accelerator lattices will need to be carefully controlled in order to deliver these high-intensity proton beams. This thesis presents the results of linear optics measurements made with unprecedented precision in the FNAL Booster and the CERN PS Booster using LOCO and K-modulation techniques. In the FNAL Booster, corrections to the observed optics distortions were also successfully implemented. The implications of these results for future high-intensity operations are discussed. / text

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Over the past few years, researchers have directed a significant amount of effort towards realizing tunable all-optical devices using nonlinear optical methods. It is now possible to exercise dynamic control of the group velocity of light traveling through a wide variety of material systems. The slow and fast light refer to situations in which the group velocity íg of an optical pulse through a dispersive material can be made to be smaller and larger, respectively, than the phase velocity vp = c/n. This ability could overcome the remaining challenge in current optical networks of storing and manipulating an optical signal directly in optical domain so as to avoid a bottleneck due to optical-to-electrical (O/E) and electrical-to-optical (E/O) conversions. The overall purpose of the dissertation is to study novel slow-light systems that provide controlled generation of large pulse delays relative to the pulse width with minimal pulse shape distortion by optimally design resonance profiles of such systems. The system design studies utilize several measures of performance such as the fractional delay, power throughput, and signal distortion under the limited system resource constraints. To this end, powerful data fidelity metrics are required to quantify the performance of tunable delay devices. Here, a new framework for measuring an information velocity and throughput is described and implemented using Shannon mutual information concepts. This new technique is used to investigate trends, trade-offs, and limits in slow light devices, which are physically sensible and in good agreement with analyses obtained using a conventional eye-opening(EO) metric. Using these information-theoretic and/or conventional metrics, we present the quantifying performance of gain-based stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) system in optical fibers as well as optical passive devices such as Fabry-Perot, fiber Bragg gratings, and ring resonators. It is shown that combining the SBS gain medium with these passive devices can compensate their respective disadvantages and thus increase delay performance without using additional resource of SBS pump power. The results show the possibility of achieving a fractional delay up to 10 at a signal bandwidth up to tens of GHz.

Dans le cadre de cette thèse un verre phosphate de zinc dopé avec des cations d’argent a été irradié par laser femtoseconde. Cette irradiation induit l’apparition dans le voxel de focalisation, d’une émission de fluorescence et une génération de second harmonique au sein du verre. La fluorescence a été attribuée à la création d’agrégats fluorescents composé d’une dizaine d’atomes d’argent. Une étude spectrale a été réalisée permettant de distinguer les différents types d’agrégats générés. Par ailleurs, la génération de seconde harmonique est attribuée à la présence d’un champs électrique enterré dans la zone irradié par effet EFISH (electric field induced second harmonic). La direction et la répartition de ce champ électrique, ont été étudié optiquement et conduisent à sa représentation spatiale.Les effets des paramètres expérimentaux, tels que le nombre d’impulsions laser, l’énergie par impulsion, la température du verre et le recuit sur les caractéristiques de la GSH et de la fluorescence, ont été étudiés. Enfin un processus global est proposé, expliquant les différentes étapes de la structuration, de la création du champ enterré par migration d’électrons à la réduction des cations d’argent et la croissance des agrégats. / In this work, a phosphate-zinc glass doped with silver ions was irradiated with a femtosecond laser. This irradiation causes the appearance of sub-micron features in the glass. Those features exhibit fluorescence and second harmonic generation. Fluorescence is linked to the aggregations of silver clusters in the glass. Second Harmonic Generation is linked to the creation of a buried electric field inducing an EFISHG effect.Polarization and spectroscopic studies were performed on these features. Those studies allowed us to produce a three-dimensional representation of the features. A phenomenological model, from the interaction of the laser pulses with the glass, to the movement of charges enabling the buried field, is developed to explain the overall process, therefore linking the migration of the electrons to the reduction of silver ion and the cluster growth.

Nesta dissertaÃÃo e proposto um sistema de correÃÃo de erro quÃntico para estados coerentes de luz e um sistema Ãptico completo para a teleportaÃÃo probabilÃstica de qubits codificados na polarizaÃÃo de um fÃton. O trabalho se inicia com a analise de correÃÃo de erro quÃntico com a utilizaÃÃo de redundÃncias. Depois, e apresentada uma forma de correÃÃo de erros utilizando qubits do tipo time-bin e sem acrÃscimo de redundÃncias. Com base nesta abordagem, foi proposto um sistema de correÃÃo de erro quÃntico passivo, isto e, que nao precisa de controle externo de sincronizaÃÃo, para sistemas de comunicaÃÃes quÃnticas que utilizam estados coerentes de luz, utilizando apenas dispositivos opticos lineares. E mostrado, tambÃm, que o sistema de correÃÃo de qubits individuais pode ser usado para corrigirem estados bipartes de qubits. Em seguida, e analisada a teleportaÃÃo de estados quÃnticos e proposto um sistema probabilÃstico de teleportacao de estados quÃnticos de polarizaÃÃo de fÃtons isolados utilizando dispositivos Ãpticos lineares. Por fim, os tÃpicos de correÃÃo de erro e teleportacao sÃo unidos na proposiÃÃo de um sistema probabilÃstico de teleportacao empregando um sistema de correÃÃo de erros na distribuiÃÃo do par de fÃtons entrelaÃados. / In this dissertation it is considered a quantum error correction system for coherent states of light and a complete optical system for probabilistic teleportation of single-photon polarization encoded qubit. Initially, the quantum error correction with the use of redundancy is analyzed. After that, it is presented a form of error correction using time-bin qubit without redundancies. Based on this last approach, a passive quantum error correction system, that is, without external control and synchronization, for quantum communication system employing coherent states, using only linear optical devices, is proposed. It is shown that the quantum error correction system also works for bipartite states of qubits. Following, the teleportation of quantum states is analyzed and an optical system for probabilistic teleportation of single-photon polarization encoded qubit, using only linear optical devices, is proposed. Finally, the error correction and teleportation topics are put together in the proposal of a probabilistic teleportation system using an error correction system for distribution of the entangled pair of photons

Optical methods can provide useful tissue characterization tools. For this project, two-photon microscopy and polarized light examinations (polarimetry) were used to assess the organizational state of myocardium in healthy, infarcted, and stem-cell regenerated states. Two-photon microscopy visualizes collagen through second-harmonic generation and myocytes through two-photon excitation autofluorescence, providing information on the composition and structure/organization of the tissue. Polarimetry measurements yield a value of linear retardance that can serve as an indicator of tissue anisotropy, and with a dual-projection method, information about the anisotropy axis orientation can also be extracted. Two-photon microscopy results reveal that stem-cell treated tissue retains more myocytes and structure than infarcted myocardium, while polarimetry findings suggest that the injury caused by temporary ligation of a coronary artery is less severe and more diffuse that than caused by a permanent ligation. Both these methods show potential for tissue characterization.

Optical methods can provide useful tissue characterization tools. For this project, two-photon microscopy and polarized light examinations (polarimetry) were used to assess the organizational state of myocardium in healthy, infarcted, and stem-cell regenerated states. Two-photon microscopy visualizes collagen through second-harmonic generation and myocytes through two-photon excitation autofluorescence, providing information on the composition and structure/organization of the tissue. Polarimetry measurements yield a value of linear retardance that can serve as an indicator of tissue anisotropy, and with a dual-projection method, information about the anisotropy axis orientation can also be extracted. Two-photon microscopy results reveal that stem-cell treated tissue retains more myocytes and structure than infarcted myocardium, while polarimetry findings suggest that the injury caused by temporary ligation of a coronary artery is less severe and more diffuse that than caused by a permanent ligation. Both these methods show potential for tissue characterization.

Biomedical imaging requires high resolution to see the fine features of a sample and fast acquisition to observe live cells that move. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a powerful technique which uses optical interference for non-invasive high resolution 3D imaging in biological samples. The resolution of OCT is determined by the length over which the light used will in- terfere. Unfortunately, dispersion hurts the imaging resolution by broadening interference features. A technique called quantum-OCT (QOCT)[1] is immune to dispersion but re- quires entangled photon pairs. The need for entanglement drastically reduces the number of photons available for imaging, making QOCT too slow to be practical. Chirped-pulse interferometry (CPI) is also immune to dispersion. A chirped pulse is one where the fre- quency, or colour, of the light changes from red to blue from one end of the pulse to the other. CPI relies on frequency correlations created by applying different chirps to two sep- arate pulses. This method had the disadvantage of being limited to a single predetermined chirp rate, and discarded 50% of the power. However CPI has better resolution than OCT, automatic dispersion cancellation, and 10,000,000 times the signal strength of QOCT [13]. A new, much more flexible and efficient method of CPI will be demonstrated by creating the frequency correlations entirely in a single pulse. This new method is referred to as non- linear chirped pulse interferometry (NL-CPI). The non-linear chirp required in NCPI is very difficult to produce using only conven- tional optics. In this thesis we document the construction and characterization of a new method of creating the desired chirp using a programmable pulse-shaper (PS). We build a PPS and then demonstrated its functionality by compressing a 105nm FWHM bandwidth pulse to under 17f s, near its transform limited time duration. We also show that the values given to the PPS for dispersion are accurate by calculating and then compensating the dispersion caused by various optical elements in the CPI interferometer. Conventional OCT systems are immune to dispersion common to both arms of the interferometer. Non-linear interferometers experience broadening due to this dispersion, making them more difficult to use with fibre based interferometers common in conventional OCT. We show that NL-CPI can compensate for dispersion common to both arms of the interferometer, making NL-CPI more appealing as a replacement for conventional OCT. In this thesis we experimentally implement and demonstrate a prototype setup using non-linear CPI for dispersion-cancelled imaging of a mirror, with a resolution comparable to conventional OCT systems. We then use the system to produce 2-D cross sectional images of a biological sample, an onion. Q-OCT has previously been used to image an onion[16], but required treating the onion with gold nano particles to achieve a useful signal. The onion we used had no special treatment. In addition our axial scanning rate is also 10000 times faster than Q-OCT.