Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 1988. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wyoming, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on May 20, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiteit Leiden, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [453]-480) and index.

The periodicity of formation of growth increments in the otoliths of South African sparids was validated by the oxytetracycline labelling technique. Intramuscular injections of oxytetracycline at a dosage of 250mg/kg marked the otoliths of laboratory held juvenile sparids, while a dosage range of 50 - 100mg/kg oxytetracycline, injected intramuscularly, marked adult sparids in the field. Laboratory held, larval sparid otoliths were marked by immersion for 24hrs a solution of 100-150mg/l alizarin complexone. Both daily (microstructural) and annual (macrostructural) growth increments were identified in the otoliths. The micro incremental pattern of deposition in the sparid otoliths conformed to the general pattern of otolith structure. Sparid otoliths consisted of a central opaque nucleus composed of multiple primordia. surrounding this nucleus were daily increments which decreased in width as the distance from the nucleus increased. Both check rings and subdaily increments were visible throughout the otolith. Minor environmental changes did not affect micro incremental deposition. Narrow opaque and wide hyaline annual growth zones were identified in sectioned sparid otoliths. Scanning electron microscope analysis of the annual growth zones revealed that microincrements within the opaque zone were narrowly spaced with prominent discontinuous phases. This resulted in the greater optical density and higher protein content of the zone. The hyaline zone was composed of widely spaced daily increments with prominent incremental phases accounting for the translucent nature of this zone. Opaque zone formation in the otoliths of many South African sparids was found to occur primarily during periods of reproductive activity and was shown to be indicative of slow otolith growth. The hyaline zone was formed after the spawning season, representative of fast otolith growth. The results of this study have resolved much of the controversy surrounding the rate of growth and time of formation of the opaque and hyaline growth zones in South African sparid otoliths.

The effect of particle size distribution (PSD) on the performance of a fluidized bed reactor was investigated using the ozone decomposition reaction, combined with the study of hydrodynamics, for fresh and spent fluid cracking catalysts, each having three particle size distributions - wide, narrow and bimodal - all with nearly the same mean diameter (60 µm), the same particle density and the same BET surface area. The superficial gas velocity was varied from 0.1 to 1.8 m/s to include the bubbling, slugging, turbulent and fast fluidization regimes. The catalytic rate constant, based on the volume of the particles, ranged from 2 to10 s⁻¹, while the static bed height was varied from 0.15 m to 1 m. Four different multi-orifice gas distributors with different hole diameters (2.2 to 5.1 mm) and hole numbers (4 and 21) were also tested to evaluate the influence of gas distributor on the performance of fluidized bed reactors. The particle size distribution was found to play a larger role at higher gas velocities than at lower velocities. At low gas velocities (Uf ≤ 0.2 m/s), the reaction conversion was not greatly affected by the PSD. However, with an increase in gas velocity the PSD effect became larger. The wide size distribution gave the highest reactor efficiency, defined as the ratio of the volume of catalyst required in a plug flow reactor to that required in the fluidized bed reactor to achieve the same conversion, while the narrow blend gave the lowest. The differences are not solely a function of the "fines content". The influence of particle size distribution on the hydrodynamics of fluidization was evaluated by measuring particle concentrations in voids, bubble sizes, and dense phase expansion. When the superficial gas velocity exceeded 0.1 m/s, the bed with the wide size distribution usually gave the highest particle concentration inside the voids, the smallest bubble size and the greatest dense phase expansion at the same operating conditions. There is evidence that there is a greater proportion of "fines" present in the voids than in the overall particle size distribution. This has been explained in terms of the throughflow velocity inside bubbles being of the same order as the terminal velocity of typical "fines", causing these particles to spend longer periods of time inside the voids. The effect of the PSD on the fluidization regime and its transitions was determined by measuring pressure fluctuations along the column. The earliest transition from bubbling or slugging to turbulent fluidization occurred in the bed of wide size distribution, while the latest corresponded to the narrow PSD. For particles of wide size distribution, higher conversion was achieved for the turbulent and fast fluidization regimes than for the bubbling fluidization regime under otherwise identical conditions, while for particles of narrow size distribution, the dependence of conversion on regime was small. Hence, for reactors of wide PSD, the performance can be improved significantly by operating in the turbulent or fast fluidization regime, while for particles of narrow size distribution, the benefit of operating at high gas velocity is slight at best. The PSD influence should be considered in modelling fluidized bed reactors. The "Two-Phase Bubbling Bed Model" has been modified to account for PSD effects. For the reactor of wide particle size distribution operated at high gas velocities, a single-phase axial dispersion model with closed inlet and open outlet boundary conditions appears to be suitable to predict the performance. It was also found that a high pressure drop across the gas distributor was not sufficient to maintain good performance of the distributor. The reactor efficiency in the entry region was higher for a distributor with a greater number of orifices, even though it had a lower pressure drop, than for a distributor plate with fewer larger holes. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of / Graduate

In a society fixated on leaders, where does that leave followers? Followership highlights the follower in the leadership process, examines who are followers, and explores how and why people follow. Much of the existing literature on followership has focused on classifying followers into follower types. However, less is known about why an employee might enact a particular follower role. The purpose of this dissertation is to understand how leaders influence the likelihood that followers to enact a particular follower role orientation, either coproducing or passive. Specifically, this research contributes to understanding the impact of transformational leadership on follower motivation and follower role orientation. An additional contribution of this dissertation is to establish the theoretical mechanism that explains the connection between leader behavior and follower role orientation by integrating self-determination theory (SDT) into the process of followership. Through SDT, we gain understanding of the origins of these roles by explaining their underlying motivation. Study 1 consisted of sequential experiments with a between-subject design that used distinct vignettes for transformational leadership and work-based need satisfaction. Findings support the causal relationship between transformational leadership and follower needs satisfaction; however, the casual relationship between follower need satisfaction and follower role orientation was not significant. Study 2 was a two-wave field study of full-time employed adults located in the United States. Results from Study 2 indicated that transformational leadership relates to coproduction follower orientation through competence need satisfaction and to passive follower orientation through autonomy/relatedness needs satisfaction. These findings contribute to our understanding of how different follower role orientations develop.

In dieser Arbeit werden handlungsdeterminierende Prozesse beim Aufgabenwechsel untersucht. Die ersten durchgeführten Experimente zeigten, dass es notwendig ist, Wechselkosten in verschiedene Teile zu zerlegen, so dass die Dekomposition von Wechselkosten einen großen Teil des Empirieteils ausmacht. Im ersten Kapitel der Arbeit werden verschiedene Theorien zur Handlungsdetermination vorgestellt. Die Theorien werden danach unterschieden, ob sie eher annehmen, dass Umweltreize das menschliche Handeln determinieren oder aber davon ausgehen, dass Handeln überwiegend durch intentionale Prozesse determiniert wird. Zunächst werden der Behaviorismus und einige Ansätze der kognitiven Psychologie erläutert, die den Einfluss von Reizen auf die Handlungsdetermination in den Vordergrund stellen. Das ideomotorische Prinzip dagegen betont die Determination menschlichen Handelns durch das Anstreben von Zielen. Schließlich werden Hybridmodelle (z.B. ABC-Theorie; Hoffmann, 1993) besprochen, die den gemeinsamen Einfluss von Intentionen und Außenreizen auf menschliches Handeln berücksichtigen. Im zweiten und dritten Kapitel wird die Entwicklung des Aufgabenwechselparadigmas und die vermuteten Prozesse und Faktoren beim Aufgabenwechsel erläutert. Ursprünglich wurde das Aufgabenwechselparadigma verwendet, um die Anpassung an flexible Handlungsanforderungen und die dabei notwendigen exekutiven Steuerungsmechanismen zu untersuchen. Doch in vielen Untersuchungen zu Aufgabenwechseln wurde dieses Ziel aus den Augen verloren und die Untersuchung der Vorgänge beim Wechseln wurde zum Selbstzweck. Intentionen und das Anstreben von Zielen wurden innerhalb des Aufgabenwechselparadigmas bisher nicht thematisiert. Im vierten Kapitel wird deshalb versucht Aufgabenwechsel aus der Perspektive der ABC-Theorie (Hoffmann, 1993) zu betrachten, einer Theorie, die sowohl den Einfluss von Intentionen als auch von Außenreizen auf menschliches Handeln berücksichtigt. Aus der ABC-Theorie wurden folgende Vorhersagen für den Aufgabenwechselkontext abgeleitet: 1. Eine parallele Aktivierung verschiedener Handlungsbereitschaften ist prinzipiell möglich. Wechsel zwischen Aufgaben sind nur nötig, wenn sich die Handlungsbereitschaften der Aufgaben widersprechen. 2. Ein Wechsel der Intention und der entsprechenden Handlungsbereitschaften erfolgt sobald die auszuführende Aufgabe feststeht und kann abgeschlossen werden, bevor der Reiz erscheint. Kosten für den exekutiven Prozess des Intentionswechsels können deshalb nur bei kurzer Vorbereitungszeit erfasst werden. Wechselkosten, die nach langer Vorbereitungszeit für die Aufgabe verbleiben (residuale Wechselkosten) spiegeln nicht den Aufwand exekutiver Prozesse wider. 3. Wechsel zwischen Intentionen verursachen mehr exekutiven Aufwand, wenn die Zielzustände der Handlungsbereitschaften überlappen, da dann erst eine Entkopplung des Zielzustandes mit einem Startzustand notwendig ist, bevor der Zielzustand an einen anderen Startzustand gekoppelt werden kann. In den ersten drei Experimenten konnten die Vorhersagen der ABC-Theorie für den Aufgabenwechselkontext nicht bestätigt werden. Beim Vergleich von Durchgängen, in denen die Aufgabe wechselt, mit Durchgängen, in denen die Aufgabe wiederholt wird, zeigten sich auch bei langer Vorbereitungszeit deutliche Wechselkosten, d.h. höhere Reaktionszeiten in den Wechseltrials. Weiterhin ergab sich kein Unterschied der Wechselkosten für Wechsel zwischen Aufgaben mit verschiedenen oder gleichen Zielzuständen (operationalisiert als verschiedene vs. gleiche auszuführende Aktionen). Aus diesen Ergebnissen und vielen Hinweisen in der Aufgabenwechselliteratur ergaben sich Zweifel an der Aussagekraft des herkömmlich berechneten Wechselkostenmaßes als Differenz der Reaktionszeiten bei Aufgabenwechseln minus Aufgabenwiederholungen. Deshalb wird die Entwicklung einer neue Methode zur Dekomposition von Wechselkosten vorgeschlagen, die es ermöglicht, die Reaktionszeitdifferenz zwischen Aufgabenwechseln und Aufgabenwiederholungen in Anteile zu unterteilen, die a) spezifisch die Anforderung beim Wechseln (Intentionswechselkosten) widerspiegeln oder b) durch die Erleichterung eine Reaktion auf denselben Reiz hin zu wiederholen (Repetition Priming) entstehen, oder c) durch die Erschwernis entstehen, auf einen Reiz reagieren zu müssen, auf den zuvor nicht reagiert werden durfte (Negatives Priming). In den Experimenten 4 bis 7 wird diese Methode experimentell validiert. Werden Wechselkosten in die verschiedenen Anteile zerlegt, stimmen die empirischen Befunde mit den Vorhersagen der ABC-Theorie überein: Ein Wechsel der Intention und der entsprechenden Handlungsbereitschaften kann bei genügend langer Vorbereitungszeit abgeschlossen werden, bevor der Stimulus erscheint. Residuale Wechselkosten (Wechselkosten, die bei langer Vorbereitungszeit verbleiben) sind nicht auf exekutive Kontrollprozesse zurückzuführen, sondern durch Repetition Priming und Negatives Priming verursacht. Weiterhin sind Wechsel einfacher, wenn die zu antizipierenden Zielzustände (operationalisiert als die auszuführenden Aktionen) der Aufgaben verschieden sind. In der Abschlussdiskussion werden der theoretische und der methodische Schwerpunkt der Arbeit noch einmal überblicksartig zusammengestellt und es wird ein Ausblick gegeben, wie untersucht werden könnte, ob die ABC-Theorie besser geeignet ist zur Erklärung der Phänomene beim Aufgabenwechsel als bisherige Theorien und Modelle. / The thesis deals with the investigation of action control processes while switching between tasks. The first experiments showed the necessity to decompose switch costs in different dues. Thus, the decomposition of switch costs constitutes the main part of the empirical work. The first chapter of the thesis sketches different theories of action control. The theories differ according to whether they emphasise the role of external stimuli or intentional processes for human actions. Initially, the behaviourism and some accounts within cognitive psychology are illustrated. They mainly consider the impact of external stimuli on action control. In contrast, the ideomotor principle claims that actions are determined by intentions to reach specific goals. Finally, hybrid models (e.g. ABC-theory; Hoffmann, 1993) are illustrated that consider the mutual impact of intentions and stimuli on human actions. The development of the task switching paradigm and the assumed processes and variables while switching between tasks are discussed in the second and third chapter. Originally, the task switching paradigm was introduced to investigate how humans adapt on flexible action requirements and which executive control processes are involved. But in many task switching studies this goal eclipsed and the investigation of the processes while switching became important. Within the task switching paradigm intentions and the aim to reach specific goals haven’t been debated. Therefore, task switching is surveyed from the point of view of the ABC-theory (Hoffmann, 1993) as the ABC-theory considers the impact of intentions as well as external stimuli on human acting. The following predictions for the task switching context are deducted from the ABC-theory: 1. In principle, parallel activation of different action dispositions is possible. Switching between tasks is only necessary when the action dispositions of different tasks conflict. 2. Switching between intentions and action dispositions starts as soon as participants are informed about the identity of the task and can be completed before the stimulus occurs. Switch costs that remain after long preparation time for the task (residual switch costs) do not reflect the effort of executive processes. 3. Switching between intentions causes more effort of executive processes when the action dispositions aim for the same goal states as in this case it is first necessary to decouple the goal state from one start condition before this goal state can get coupled to another start condition. The first three experiments were not able to confirm the predictions of the ABC-theory. When comparing trials in which the task switches with trials in which the task repeats there are significant switch costs, e.g. longer reaction times for switch trials, even when participants have sufficient time to prepare for the task. Furthermore, switch costs do not differ for switching between tasks with different vs. equal goal states (operationalised as different vs. equal required actions). These results and many cues from the task switching literature led to doubts about the informational value of the measurement of switch costs computed as difference of reaction times of task switches minus task repetitions. Hence a new method is proposed that decomposes switch costs into a) the specific requirements due to the necessity to switch (intentional switch costs) b) the benefit to repeat a response afforded by the same stimulus (repetition priming) and c) the difficulty to respond to a stimulus to which no response was allowed shortly before (negative priming). Experiments 4 to 7 validate this new method experimentally. If switch costs are decomposed into the different parts, the empirical results fit to the predictions of the ABC-theory: Switching between tasks (i.e. between intentions and appropriate action dispositions) can be fully completed when the preparation time is sufficient before the stimulus is presented. Residual switch costs (switch costs that remain for long preparation time intervals) are not due to executive control processes but due to repetition priming and negative priming. Furthermore, switching between tasks is easier if the anticipated goals / the to-be-performed actions for the tasks differ. The final discussion summarizes the theoretical and the empirical focus of the thesis. A prospect is exemplified how to investigate whether the ABC-theory is more appropriate to account for the phenomena while switching between tasks as current theories and models.

No description available.

This study compares sexual variation of the human skeletal pelvis through geometric morphometric analyses. Digitization of the skeletal elements provides the framework for a multi-faceted examination of shape. The sample used in the study consists of individuals from the Bass Donated Skeletal Collection, located at the University of Tennessee-Knoxville. Landmarks digitized for the study are derived from the 36 points implemented in Joan Bytheway and Anne Ross’s geometric morphometric study of human innominates (2010). The author hypothesizes that morphological variation between males and females will be visible to varying degrees throughout the pelvis, with structures to be compared consisting of the ilium, ischium, pubis, obturator foramen, and acetabulum. Particular attention will be paid to the pelvic canal, as this area seems to carry the most sex-specific function of the bone. It is hypothesized that structures directly contributing to the pelvic canal will be more sexually dimorphic than peripheral structures. Data points plotted throughout the pelvis will allow for comparison of various regions. Results indicate that the innominate can be divided into modules with relatively low levels of covariation between them. Greatest amounts of sexual dimorphism are located at the pubis and ischium. The shape of the acetabulum and obturator foramen display little variation between the two sexes. Areas that have the potential for sex determination could be investigated more thoroughly in the future and may be of use in forensic cases in which remains are incomplete.

No description available.