Multilateral development banks (MDBs) are under increased pressure to justify their allocation of donor resources. These funds help produce growth in developing regions such as Central America (CA), where wealth inequality limits individuals' access to basic services and increases the prevalence of crime and corruption. MDB leaders are not always confident the allocation of limited resources creates optimal value. The capital asset price model (CAPM) was the theoretical framework of this correlational study. Archival data consisting of annual reports and audited financial statements were used to draw a sample (N = 66) of USD $4.857-asset valued loans made by MDBs between 1995-2013 in 7 CA countries. Regression analysis was used to determine the significance of relationships between the independent variables including the risk-free rate of return (Rf), volatility of a project (βp), and expected return on the market (Rm) and the dependent variable, the expected return (rp) used by MDBs. No evidence of a statistically significant relationship between the expected return of individual loans (adjusted for risk-free rate, volatility, and market return) and the expected return used by MDBs was found using correlational analysis. Findings from multiple regression analysis indicated that the expected return used by MDBs underperforms risk-adjusted market expectations. Study findings may help MDB leaders to promote business development and social welfare in CA through private investments, which may result in positive social change.

Organizational managers and business leaders struggle to retain hotel employees. The purpose of this qualitative, multiple case study was to explore the strategies that hotel managers use to improve employee retention and reduce turnover. The conceptual framework for this study was Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory. The 4 cases were 4 different hotels in the midAtlantic region of the United States. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with 4 purposefully selected hotel managers (1 from each hotel) and document review. Data analysis consisted of compiling the data, coding for emergent and apriori codes, disassembling the data into common codes, reassembling the data into themes, interpreting the meaning, and reporting the themes. Five themes emerged from the data: driving forces for motivating employees, management strategies for retaining employees, strategies for improving workers' job performance, strategies for promoting employment commitment to the organization, and strategies for reducing turnover costs and encouraging job satisfaction in the hotel industry. Implications for positive social change include improving employee retention strategies that can lead to improved working relationships between the organization and its employees. Improved employee retention can lead to an improved organizational image among employees and other stakeholders within the community, which can contribute to the growth of local community.

Small and medium enterprise (SME) business owners play a significant role in the Kenyan economy as they account for approximately 78% of total employment and 57% of the new jobs created. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore what strategies some Kenyan SME business owners used within the past 5 years to access credit to improve company profitability and growth. The target population consisted of 4 SME owners of businesses located in Kakamega Town, Kenya, who have had access to credit within the past 5 years. The conceptual framework for this study was the social capital theory. Semistructured interviews were conducted and company documents were gathered. All interpretations from the data were subjected to member checking to ensure the trustworthiness of findings. Based on the methodological triangulation of the data collected, 4 themes emerged after the data analysis: (a) group lending, (b) information access, (c) education and professional background of the entrepreneur, and (d) effect of access to credit on the performance of SMEs. The application of the findings from this study may contribute to social change by providing insights and strategies for SME business owners to access credit and ensure sustainable business growth that could potentially enhance community standards of living.

Taxicab owners are losing market share to technology companies including Sidecars, Lyft, and Uber. Whereas Uber is growing rapidly, operating in over 150 U.S. cities and 58 countries with an estimated market valuation of $62.5 billion, taxicab owners have experienced a significant decline in growth because of a deficiency of business strategies. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore business strategies taxicab owners use to sustain their operations. A purposive sampling of 6 taxicab owners and managers from 6 taxicab companies in Denver County, Colorado participated in semistructured face-to-face interviews. Data from the interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed to ascertain themes relating to business strategies that sustain taxicab operations. Methodological triangulation was used to validate data during the analysis process. Drawing from Christensen's disruptive innovation theory, 5 main themes emerged. The 5 main themes included excellent customer service, competitive strategies, market research, adaptation to technological and cultural changes, and training. Findings showed that successful taxicab business strategies included (a) providing effective customers services, (b) formulating and using efficient competitive strategies; (c) establishing appropriate training for drivers and employees; (d) conducting market research to ascertain market trends; and (e) adapting to the dynamics of technological and cultural changes to satisfy customers' requirements. The implication for positive social change includes taxicab business owners formulating effective business strategies, thereby improving the economic well-being of local communities.

The CEO's compensation policy is one of the most important factors in an organization's success. CEO's stock options are awarded to align the interests of the CEO with the interests of the firms' stakeholders. However, lack of understanding of the relationship between firm performance and a CEO's stock options could threaten the alignment of a CEO's interests with those of the stakeholders. Grounded in agency theory, the purpose of this correlation study was to examine the relationship between return on equity, return on investment, total annual revenues, and CEOs' stock options awards, while controlling for firm size, age of CEO, and CEO tenure. Archival data from 99 U.S. pharmaceutical companies were analyzed using hierarchical linear regression. The results of the hierarchical regression analysis indicated a significant predictive model F(6, 262) = 42.065, p < 0.05, R2 = .343. However, in the final model, only firm size and CEO tenure were significant. In addition, there was no significant relationship between return on equity, return on investments, and annual revenues to CEOs' stock options. The implications for positive social change include the potential for policy makers to utilize findings in furthering dialogue related to income inequality and feeling of unfair distribution of valuable resources in the society. Pharmaceutical business leaders might affect social change by structuring CEOs' compensation based on firm performance, encouraging innovation, and improving employment opportunities in the society.

In the United States, small businesses represent 99.7% of firms that provide employment and account for over 50% of all private sector employment. Nevertheless, the rationing of small business borrowing is an indicative of acute credit constraints emanating from poverty, lack of collateral, lack of cosigners for bank loans, high administrative fees associated with processing credit loans, and information asymmetry along with other socioeconomic factors. In a 4-year study from 2004-2008, it was determined that small businesses suffer tremendously from credit rationing. The purpose of this study was to determine the induced effect of loan guarantee scheme, collateral, and leverage on credit rationing. The seminal work of Stiglitz and Weiss served as a framework for the study. The research questions were developed to inquire the relationship (influence) of loan guarantee scheme on credit rationing while controlling for collateral and leverage. Data on small businesses were collected from the Small Business Administration and the National Survey of Small Business Finances websites. Collected data (n = 1,072) of small business firms in Florida for 2015 were analyzed through applying multiple regression methodology. The study results indicated that small business participation in loan guarantee scheme had a significant influence on credit rationing when the confounding effects of collateral and leverage were statistically controlled. The findings of this research could lead to positive social change by providing small businesses with loan guarantee scheme, a government subsidy that eliminates the need for credit rationing.

Women-owned small businesses have grown 58% between 2007 and 2018. Some female owners of small businesses lack strategies to obtain financial capital to continue growth and raise profitability for their businesses. The purpose of this secondary data analysis was to examine the relationship between access to sources of financial capital, government regulations and business profitability. The resource-based theory was the theoretical framework for this quantitative ex-post facto study. Archival data from the 2016 Annual Survey of Entrepreneurs were collected. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. Results of the multiple linear regression analysis indicated a full model, containing two predictor variables (2, n = 3233). The results revealed a statistically significant relationship among financial capital, government regulations, and business profitability, F (2, 3285) = 5.812, p

Previous research on the coinsurance effect solely focuses on the coinsurance of corporate debt and ignores the possibility that a combined entity’s assets may coinsure other financial obligations with debt-like characteristics. The present study examines the breadth of the coinsurance effect by testing whether the theory extends to labor obligations. Using an event study methodology, I analyze merger events between the 2000-2012 period. I investigate how acquirer shareholders are affected by the coinsurance effect during this period by examining acquirer common stock returns at the announcement date of the merger event. My results do not produce significant evidence to suggest that the coinsurance effect can be extended to include labor obligations. Moreover, no significant evidence of the coinsurance effect is discovered in the analysis.

A locational comparison

This study analyzes equity REIT returns between 2007 and 2015. After an examination, it concludes that systematic risk is conditional on broader market performance.