Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1971. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-76).

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2010. / Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on July 15, 2010). A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1971. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Phil.) - University of St Andrews, May 2010.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-113).

Thesis (doctoral)--Bayerische Julius-Maximilians-Universität zu Würzburg, 1965. / "Aus dem Institut für Angewandte Zoologie der Universität Würzburg." Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-122).

Thesis (M. Sc.)(Zoology)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Research into the origins of our own social behavior begins with understanding how environmental elements lead to complex social interaction. Social structure emerges from these interactions as a bottom-up process, whose patterning constitutes the very framework of a society. Studies of behavioral mechanisms are important in determining the full repertoire that results in the social and dominance structures of a species. Hormones such as oxytocin and cortisol facilitate and fluctuate in response to social interactions and measuring their relative values among individuals is a valuable tool in testing functional hypotheses of behavioral mechanisms. The objective of this dissertation is to investigate several fundamental, under-, or previously unstudied behavioral mechanisms and hormonal correlates that shape the unique social system of bonobos. The first study describes the pattern of expression of harassment behavior among immatures and tests predictions generated by the Exploratory Aggression and Rank Improvement hypotheses. Results demonstrate that immatures use harassment to test the nature of existing inter-individual relationships and to explore the parameters of aggressive behaviors and furthers our understanding of juvenile development of aggression and integration into the dominance hierarchy. The second study describes the pattern of occurrence of infant handling and tests predictions generated by several functional hypotheses, including examining the relationship between oxytocin and handling behaviors. Results show a significant sex difference in expression of handling where, during adolescence, male interest in infants sharply declines whereas females continue to handle infants, the expression of which was correlated with oxytocin. These results primarily support the Learning-to-Mother hypothesis and provide insight into the role oxytocin may play in facilitating care-giving behaviors in young females. The final study explores the patterning of female sexual behavior and male aggression, and investigates whether male constraint of female choice imposes a cost to females through induction of a stress response. Results show that while females exercise unconstrained mate choice through proceptive behaviors, males influence female receptivity through aggression and sexual coercion, shedding light on the degree to which rank related asymmetry in male mating success reflects female choice vs. constraint of choice. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material.

abstract: Food is an essential driver of animal behavior. For social organisms, the acquisition of food guides interactions with the environment and with group-mates. Studies have focused on how social individuals find and choose food sources, and share both food and information with group-mates. However, it is often not clear how experiences throughout an individual's life influence such interactions. The core question of this thesis is how individuals’ experience contributes to within-caste behavioral variation in a social group. I investigate the effects of individual history, including physical injury and food-related experience, on individuals' social food sharing behavior, responses to food-related stimuli, and the associated neural biogenic amine signaling pathways. I use the eusocial honey bee (Apis mellifera) system, one in which individuals exhibit a high degree of plasticity in responses to environmental stimuli and there is a richness of communicatory pathways for food-related information. Foraging exposes honey bees to aversive experiences such as predation, con-specific competition, and environmental toxins. I show that foraging experience changes individuals' response thresholds to sucrose, a main component of adults’ diets, depending on whether foraging conditions are benign or aversive. Bodily injury is demonstrated to reduce individuals' appetitive responses to new, potentially food-predictive odors. Aversive conditions also impact an individual's social food sharing behavior; mouth-to-mouse trophallaxis with particular groupmates is modulated by aversive foraging conditions both for foragers who directly experienced these conditions and non-foragers who were influenced via social contact with foragers. Although the mechanisms underlying these behavioral changes have yet to be resolved, my results implicate biogenic amine signaling pathways as a potential component. Serotonin and octopamine concentrations are shown to undergo long-term change due to distinct foraging experiences. My work serves to highlight the malleability of a social individual's food-related behavior, suggesting that environmental conditions shape how individuals respond to food and share information with group-mates. This thesis contributes to a deeper understanding of inter-individual variation in animal behavior. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2017

O gato doméstico (Felis catus L.) exibe uma grande flexibilidade em seu comportamento social e no seu estilo de vida. Isto é devido a vários fatores, entre eles, disponibilidade de alimento e refúgio, mudanças ambientais, interação com o homem, composição dos grupos, características genéticas e a castração. Os animais machos e fêmeas não castrados e de vida livre exibem um repertório comportamental distinto, os machos tendem a ter uma vida mais solitária vagando por amplas extensões territoriais, enquanto que as fêmeas exibem uma vida mais gregária. O objetivo deste trabalho foi examinar o comportamento social de gatos domésticos castrados, machos e fêmeas, em confinamento com a intenção de se verificar os efeitos da castração no comportamento e se o repertório comportamental de ambos é sexualmente dimórfico, através das análises de freqüência e seqüência das categorias comportamentais. Foram levantadas 18 categorias comportamentais sociais e 12 categorias não sociais e foi observado o comportamento de 40 gatos domésticos machos (n=18) e fêmeas (n=22) num ambiente confinado (gatil) com área total de 19,2 metros quadrados, durante um período de 11 meses totalizando 160 horas de observação. Cada animal foi observado durante 15 minutos em cada sessão de observação, utilizando-se o método de amostra focal do comportamento. A análise de freqüência das categorias comportamentais sociais e não socais foram feitas através do teste estatístico não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney com nível de 5% de significância (p=0,05). Os resultados do teste não mostraram diferenças significativas entre os grupos de machos e fêmeas, indicando, assim, existir influência da castração nos comportamentos de ambos os grupos, ainda que preservando a individualidade dos animais. Contudo a análise seqüencial do comportamento mostrou uma mínima diferença entre os machos e fêmeas castrados mesmo na ausência da regulação hormonal do comportamento. Portanto conclui-se que parte do comportamento dos gatos não sofre influência hormonal e que o método de análise seqüencial do comportamento é refinado o suficiente para mostrar características comportamentais que não foram mostradas pela análise de freqüência. / The domestic cat (Felis catus L.) exhibits a great flexibility in its social behavior and lifestyle. This can be due to several factors, among them, food and refuge availability, environmental changes, interaction with humans, group composition, genetic characteristics and castration. Literature states that non neutered male and female animals of free life exhibit distinct behavioral repertoires. Males tend to have a more solitary life moving throughout wide territorial extensions, while females exhibit a more gregarious life. The aim of this work was to examine the social behavior of castrated domestic cats, males and females, in confinement, to verify the effects of neutering on the behavioral repertoire, through the frequency and sequence analyses of behavior. 18 social and 12 non social behavioral categories were selected. 40 domestic cats, males (n=18) and females (n=22), were observed in an indoor confined context with 19,2 square meters in area, for a period of 11 months and 160 hours of observation. Each animal was observed for 15 minutes in each observation session, being used the focal sample method. Statistical analysis for the frequency of each behavioral category, done using the non parametric test of Mann-Whitney with 5% (p=0,05) of significance, didn\'t show any significant gender difference, suggesting that castration change natural behavior, possibly because of a probable absence of sexual hormones. Sequential analysis, however, did show subtle gender differences, possibly raised by different environmental -- i.e. \'cultural\' -- influences in both male and female cats.