The main aim of thesis is to analyse the development of the collection of tax on corporate income in the Czech Republic between years 2006 and 2014. The partial aim of my work is to analyse the evolution of use of deductions and tax reliefs in the Czech Republic for the mentioned period. The theoretical part of my work will focus on the description of the corporate income tax, description of deduction, and description of deductions which Czech legislation allows. In Chapter 1.4 is description of tax relief. Practical part of my work contains an analysis how dependent tax revenues from corporate income tax rate, gross value added or gross domestic product. In Chapter 2.2 is tested if gross added value or gross domestic product affects the application of deductions, which are divided into different groups - in sum, type of legal form or NACE. In Chapter 2.3 is a similar analysis for tax relief.

Recent years have witnessed that standard telecommunication services evolved more and more to next generation value-added services. This fact is accompanied by a change of service characteristics as new services are designed to fulfil the customer’s demands instead of just focussing on technologies and protocols. These demands can be very specific and, therefore, diverse potential service functionalities have to be considered by the service providers. To make matters worse for service providers, a fast transition from concept to market product and low price of a new service is required due to the increasing competition in the telecommunication industry. Therefore, effective test solutions need to be developed that can be integrated in current value-added service development life-cycles. Besides, these solutions should support the involvement of all participating stakeholders such as the service provider, the test developers as well as the service developers, and, in order to consider an agile approach, also the service customer. This thesis proposes a novel framework for functional testing that is based on a new sort of description language for value-added services (Service Test Description). Based on instances of the Service Test Description, sets of reusable test components described by means of an applied Statecharts notation are automatically selected and composed to so-called behaviour models. From the behaviour models, abstract test cases can be automatically generated which are then transformed to TTCN-3 test cases and then assembled to an Executable Test Suite. Within a TTCN-3 test system, the Executable Test Suite can be executed against the corresponding value-added service referred to as System Under Test. One benefit of the proposed framework is its application within standard development life-cycles. Therefore, the thesis presents a methodology that considers both service development and test development as parallel tasks and foresees procedures to synchronise the tasks and to allow an agile approach with customer involvement. The novel framework is validated through a proof-of-concept working prototype. Example value-added services have been chosen to illustrate the whole process from compiling instances of the Service Test Description until the execution of automated tests. Overall, this thesis presents a novel solution for service providers to improve the quality of their provided value-added services through automated functional testing procedures. It enables the early involvement of the customers into the service development life-cycle and also helps test developers and service developers to collaborate.

The final thesis deals with the amendment of Act no. 235/2004 Coll., Value added tax Act, as amended, which extends the reverse charge and introduces new institute of review statement. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the new regulation in terms of its suitability and potential benefits and also in terms of its failings and disadvantages. Concurrently the thesis focuse on the evaluation of the impact of extending the reverse charge and introducing the institute of review statement on the fight against value added tax evasions, which are represented mainly by carousel frauds. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter describes the basic characteristics of value added tax as an indirect tax, based on the principle of paying the tax on output and consecutive application of the deduction, and further discusses the basic structural elements of the tax. The explanation focused on the value added tax frauds is given at the end of the firts chapter, where is detailly described the functioning of the carousel frauds with cross-border element, which are becoming more important. The second chapter deals with the reverse charge in form in which applied until 31st December 2014. There is an interpretation of transactions which falled under this special mode in terms of European...

1 Abstract To study the effect a change in a tax base has on the corresponding tax revenue is a useful tool to better predict future tax revenues. This property is called a tax revenue elasticity but generally it does not get as much attention as it deserves, and when it does, key points like using data adjusted for the effects of tax reforms or distinguishing between the short-run (instantaneous) and the long-run (equilibrium) elasticity are often omitted. In my thesis, I am the first one to estimate the tax revenue elasticities for Slovakia. I use a unique dataset adjusted for the effects of tax reforms and tax changes to estimate both the short-run and the long-run elasticities for the three tax categories th at account for the majority of each year's tax revenue - Personal Income Tax, Corporate Income Tax and Value Added Tax. I obtain a long-run elasticity of 0.98, 1.28 and 0.94 for the Personal Income Tax, the Corporate Income Tax and the Value Added Tax respectively and a short-run elasticity of 3.51 and 1.93 for the Corporate Income Tax and the Value Added Tax respectively. I do not obtain a significant estimate in the case of the Personal Income Tax. Additionally, I find that it takes more than a year for the elasticity to reach its equilibrium value for all the three tax categories and that there...

This diploma thesis deals with tax optimization of companies. The thesis is divided into two main parts - the theoretical and practical part. The introduction of the theoretical part describes the history of taxes, their basic characteristics and the importance of their collection for today's society. Subsequently, the tax system of the Czech Republic with a focus on value added tax and corporation tax is presented. The practical part deals with specific possibilities of optimization of the amount of corporate income tax and value added tax. The opening chapter of the practical part emphasizes the difference between tax optimization and tax evasion. Subsequently, the options for optimizing the income tax are presented - from the very start of business, through the optimization of the tax base, tax deductions and deductible items. In the case of value added tax, the work deals on one hand with the tax registration itself and on the other with the group tax registration. Work should provide comprehensive guidance for reducing tax burden on businesses.

The thesis is focused on the evaluation of the financial performance of the company GEFOS, Inc. The aim is to evaluate the financial performance and impact of the original recommendations, which the company has applied, from the previous bachelor thesis. Based on the findings, a successive financial development will be assessed together with further possible measures for economic growth of the company. The first part contains theoretical knowledge of the apparatus of a financial analysis and selected methods and analysis of macro environment. In the second part, which is based on the stated goal, the gained expertise is used in practice. The work also contains, based on the results of the analysis, a sectoral comparison that helps to illustrate the overall financial situation of the selected company.

This dissertation entitled The Economical Implications of Institutional Restructuring of Applied Czech Agricultural Research solves the issue of effectiveness of applied national agrarian research, which is financed from public funds. The purpose of this thesis is to describe the current basis of applied agricultural research funded by the governance, respectively those scientific institutions that are eligible for an annual institutional grant to long-term development. Describe their focus and structure of results. Another purpose is to look for possible reserves in the system and to propose the restructuring of national applied agricultural research in organizations established by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic. I have focused on comparing the outputs of scientific institutions in the periods of science and research support programs since 2007. In the data evaluated by the research institutions, I have been using bases in the last five years. From the point of view of the effectiveness of applied agricultural research, I am using data from 1989, respectively 2003. I solved the chosen topic of the dissertation by progressive steps. First, I evaluated the individual research institutions in terms of their outputs within the announced programs of support for science and research. I was looking for the argument that there is a substitute in the form of a private research organization in the current system of public research institutions. Which I didn´t find. State established applied agricultural research is unique in its content. For a comprehensive view, I have analysed the structure and types of research results achieved in the announced support programs. Problematics was solved mainly by comparison analysis based on literature, data and their aggregated results. The economic and social policy impacts are processed on the performance of the agriculture - food industry complex in terms of gross added value, socio-demographic data about workers in the field and complex. The dissertation proposes a new organization structure of applied agricultural research established by the state. A system of the central agriculture research organization is designed on the base of the current geographical distribution on the territory of the capital city Prague and Brno. The solution provides a more complex use of the existing unused potential of agriculture public research organizations. At the same time the standard elements of modern management are applied. Research has shown that the current system of funding science and research, which prefer quantity rather than output quality, is a major failure. At the same time, the work has shown that there is a way-out from the current fragmented system of the organization of applied agricultural research while preserving its unique possibilities. The results of this work enable, in the case of political will, the realization of greater efficiency of applied agricultural research established by the state in the Czech Republic.

This thesis deals with problematic of non-monetary deposits into basic capital of new emergent capital companies per Czech legislation. It is divided into five chapters, four of them are theoretical and the last one is a practical example. Theoretical part deals with definition of capital companies, their authorities, basic capital and ways of founding. Part of accounting deals with evaluation of non-monetary deposits at the depositors and the acquirer and with disclosure of the assets in the balance sheet. The tax section focuses on all major taxes related to deposits. The application part summarizes theoretical knowledge on the example from practice. The main goal of the thesis is to contain the issue in a comprehensive way. Consider the legal, accounting and tax rules that are closely related to non-monetary deposits and show the impact of non-monetary deposits at the acquirer and the depositor.

Paragraph 7(1) of the VAT Act provides for the charging of VAT at 14 percent on the supply of goods or services by a vendor in the course or furtherance of an ‘enterprise’, the importation into South Africa of goods by any person or the supply of ‘imported services’. The term ‘enterprise’ has been interpreted to require an on-going activity and therefore once off sales should be excluded. The sale must relate to enterprise activities, thereby excluding private sales. Furthermore the enterprise activities are required to be carried out in the Republic or partly in the Republic. Establishing whether the enterprise activities are carried out in the Republic remains a contentious issue as the VAT Act does not specify the minimum required business activities to meet this criterion. ‘Imported services’ excludes services imported for the purposes of making taxable supplies and the liability of accounting for VAT on ‘imported services’ lies with the recipient of the imported service. Supplies (imported services) which are chargeable in terms of s 7(1)(a) and supplies, which if made in the Republic, are exempt from VAT or zero rated. ‘Imported services’ definition requires services to be consumed in South Africa. Services offered outside South Africa therefore generally do not qualify as imported services even the South African entity benefits from such services, for example a training course attended in a foreign country. Technological developments in the field of e-commerce globally have required countries to examine VAT laws relating to e-commerce. Extensive research has been done by the OECD on this topic, with reports issued on recommendations of how e-commerce should be taxed. Most guidance issued by the OECD on taxing e-commerce relates to indirect electronic commerce, which refers to goods or services where ordering, payment and delivery occur on line. Distinction is drawn between taxation of business-to-business transactions and business-to-consumer transactions. The OECD suggests that the ‘reverse-charge’ or self-assessment method should be applied to the taxing of B2B transactions resulting in minimal compliance and administrative costs. It is further recommended that for B2C transactions place of consumption should be defined as the recipient’s usual jurisdiction of residence and that non-resident suppliers should be required to register and pay VAT in the jurisdiction of the consumer, as this would result in the most effective tax collection method. ‘Enterprise’ includes electronic services from a foreign supplier where the recipient is a resident of South Africa or where the payment originated from a South African bank account. The Minister’s regulation, which came into effect on 1 June 2014, includes the following items in the definition of electronic services: educational services, games, online auction services, miscellaneous services and subscription services. The South African VAT legislation draws no distinction between B2B and B2C supplies of electronic services. The reasoning behind this was to avoid situations in which private customers could pose as business customers in order to avoid the levying of tax. A review of the services currently included in the Minister’s regulation on electronic services indicate that services that would relate to B2B supplies have mostly been excluded from the regulation. Effectively the South African VAT legislation manages to indirectly exclude B2B supplies from the definition of electronic services and therefore achieves the objective of minimising the administrative burden on B2B supplies.

The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the performance of the company AGRALL Ltd., which sells agricultural equipment. This thesis is split into two parts. The first part describes the theoretical assumptions and used methods. The second part applies theoretical knowledge to the data of the selected company. At first, the performance is evaluated by traditional indicators of profitability and then by using the economic value added which is calculated according to the methodology of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Czech Republic. The company data are compared with values of indicators for the sector and with the data of the selected competition to ensure better explanatory capability. At the end of thesis the findings are evaluated and improvements are recommended.