付記する学位プログラム名: 京都大学卓越大学院プログラム「先端光・電子デバイス創成学」 / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24396号 / 理博第4895号 / 新制||理||1699(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 柳瀬 陽一, 教授 石田 憲二, 准教授 池田 隆介 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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Acculturation research has gained interest due to the increasing levels of immigration to the United States. The population of interest for this study was the Latino immigrant population in the United States, as they represent the largest and fastest growing minority in the country. One challenge Latino immigrants can face during the acculturation process is a phenomenon described as nonreciprocal language. This phenomenon is present when first generation parents speak in their native language of Spanish and their children, who are second-generation immigrants, speak in the host culture language of English. The purpose of this study was to focus on the role of nonreciprocal language in the mother-child relationship between first generation Latino immigrant mothers and their second-generation children. A qualitative, ethnographic study was used to investigate 10 participants, including first generation Latino immigrant mothers and their second-generation children in Charlotte, North Carolina. Findings from this content analysis study include mothers' and children's experiences with nonreciprocal language and their acculturation categories, which led to recommendations for new strategies for ESL education and the need to develop programs to help parents raise bilingual children. This information can benefit advocates, policymakers, and other stakeholders involved in programs that are focused on helping children be more proficient in their parents' language or helping parents become more proficient in English. Information from this study can also allow immigrant parents to make informed decisions about their language use and the possible impact on their relationships.

Systems which exhibit nonreciprocal transmission or that can be used as logic functions are of great interest for the development of essential devices to nanotechnology. In this work, we investigate the transmission properties for two kinds of coupled discrete nonlinear chains configurations. In the first structure, it was explored the diode-like behavior, while in the other, it was showed the performance of different logic gates. The two systems were described by a set of the discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equations within a tight-binding approach. We determine their respective transmission spectrum. The first system is a nonlinear dimer coupled to linear side chains. We investigate the influence of the saturation of the nonlinear response on the nonreciprocal transmission, which had not been well studied in the previous literature. Through the analysis of the transmission spectrum, we unveil that, in regions of bistable behavior (windows), the difference between transport from right to left and transport from left to right is greater. Moreover these windows widen and displace to regions where the incident amplitude is larger as saturation is considered. The calculation of rectifying factor showed that, in the second bistability window, the influence of the saturation parameter has distinct actions over short- and long-wavelength. In the first window, the rectifying action is not compromised by the saturation. So weak saturation can improve the efficiency of the nonreciprocal transmission. The second system is a Y-shaped structure, on which three linear chains are joined by a nonlinear site. This kind of structure has been studied in the context of DNA-based devices. We investigated the capability of our model system to perform logic gate operations based on the transmission of phase-shifted incoming waves. Using a digitalization scheme of the output signal based on amplitude modulation, we show that AND, OR and XOR logic gate can be achieved. The phase-shifting between the incoming waves is required for the OR logic gate to be realizable and strong nonlinearity favors the existence of logic gates in the regime of short wavevectors. The analysis of the contrast ratio shows that optimal operation of the AND and OR logic gates takes place when the nonlinear response is the predominant physical property distinguishing the coupling and regular sites. We concluded that Y-shaped structures can potentially perform distinct logic functions. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Sistemas que apresentam transmissão não reciproca ou que possam ser usados em funções lógicas são de grande interesse para a construção de dispositivos essenciais ao desenvolvimento da nanotecnologia. Neste trabalho, investigamos as propriedades de transmissão em duas configurações de cadeias quase unidimensionais, discretas e não lineares. Em uma delas foi explorado o comportamento tipo diodo, e na outra, o surgimento de diferentes tipos de portas lógicas. Ambos os sistemas foram modelados através de um conjunto de equações de Schrödinger discretas não lineares dentro de aproximação tight binding e obtidos seus respectivos espectros de transmissão. O primeiro sistema consiste em um dímero não linear acoplado a duas cadeias lineares no qual investigamos a influência da saturação da resposta não linear na obtenção de transmissão não recíproca, até então ainda não estudada. Através da análise do espectro de transmissão, pudemos mostrar que nas regiões de comportamento biestável (chamados de janelas de biestabilidade), a diferença entre o transporte da direita para esquerda e o transporte da esquerda para direita é mais pronunciada a medida que se aumenta o coeficiente de saturação da não linearidade. Estas janelas se ampliam e são deslocadas para regiões onde a amplitude das ondas incidentes são maiores. O cálculo do fator de retificação nos permitiu mostrar ainda que a influência da saturação se dá de maneira diferente nas janelas de biestabilidade. Enquanto na segunda janela o comportamento é diferente em pequeno e grande comprimento de onda, na primeira isso não ocorre. Portanto, pudemos concluir que valores intermediários da saturação favorecem o transporte unidirecional. O segundo sistema consiste de uma estrutura tipo Y, na qual três cadeias lineares são unidas por um sítio não linear. Esse tipo de estrutura tem sido muito investigado em nanoestruturas de DNA. Investigamos a capacidade deste sistema realizar operações de portas lógicas baseadas na transmissão de ondas incidentes com diferença de fase. Usando um esquema de digitalização do sinal de saída baseado na modulação da amplitude, mostramos que portas AND, OR, e XOR podem ser encontradas. A diferença de fase entre as ondas incidentes é responsável pela existência das portas tipo OR enquanto que fortes não linearidades favorecem a realização de portas lógicas na região de pequeno vetor de onda. A análise do contraste, grandeza que mede a eficiência da porta lógica, mostrou que portas lógicas AND e OR são melhores quando os sítios regulares e o de acoplamento são distintos apenas pela resposta não linear. Concluímos que estruturas tipo Y têm grande potencial para realização de portas lógicas.

<p dir="ltr"><b>Tellurium (Te) stands out as an elemental narrow-bandgap semiconductor characterized by its distinctive chiral crystal structure. The interplay between fundamental symmetries and the topological properties of electrons has garnered significant attention in the scientific community. With its unique chiral crystal structure featuring three Tellurium atoms spiraling within a single unit cell, Tellurium offers a singular material system. This system provides an exceptional opportunity to explore the novel quantum and topological transport properties of electrons. Hydrothermally grown two-dimensional (2D) Te with a thickness of several nanometers gives us an opportunity to precisely control the carrier density and the carrier type in Te using gate voltage. In this dissertation, the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) of Te is quantitatively analyzed using the weak anti-localization effect. The strong SOC also gives rise to the Weyl point at the band edge of the conduction band. The topological nontrivial band structure of Te is characterized by a π phase shift in the Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) oscillations. Due to the high mobility, the quantum Hall effect is measured with low spin and valley Landau levels controlled by an electric and magnetic field. Bilayer charge transferable quantum Hall states of Weyl fermions is observed in a wide Te quantum well. The topological phase transition from a semiconductor to Weyl semimetal under high pressure is studied up to 2.47 GPa. The chirality of 2D Te is separated by the hot sulfuric acid etching technique. The spin configuration and topological charge of the Weyl node exhibit a reversal in different chiralities, leading to an inverse in nonlinear responses, encompassing both electrical (nonreciprocal transport in the longitudinal direction and nonlinear planar Hall effect in the transvers direction) and optical phenomena (circular photogalvanic effect and circular photovoltaic effect). Our results unveil the topological nature of the Tellurium (Te) band structures, offering a promising avenue for controlling charge and spin transport within the chiral degree of freedom.</b></p>

As redes ópticas de comunicação têm possibilitado, cada vez mais, o oferecimento de serviços do tipo faixa larga. A rede de comunicação totalmente óptica está se tornando a meta tecnológica mais ambiciosa. Grandes esforços têm sido concentrados no desenvolvimento e aperfeiçoamento de materiais e dispositivos não-recíprocos, como isoladores e circuladores constituem uma importante classe de dispositivos ópticos. Os isoladores são utilizados em sistemas ópticos para prevenir a reflexão de luz em lasers e amplificadores. Os circuladores são empregados em esquemas de derivação de sinais que utilizam multiplexação em comprimento de onda (WDM). O funcionamento destes dispositivos é baseado nas propriedades de materiais magnetoópticos. As metas desta dissertação são apresentar as principais características dos materiais magnetoópticos, explorando as características não-recíprocas dos modos TM. Guias planares e tridimensionais são analisados neste trabalho. Para tanto, são obtidas as expressões das componentes dos campos e as equações características dos modos de interesse em estruturas planares por meio da técnica de matriz de transferência (TMT). A análise de propagação de onda em guias planares com materiais magnetoópticos é feita por meio de simulação numérica empregando o método de propagação de feixe (BPM) baseado em diferenças finitas (FD) e o esquema de Crank-Nicholson (CN) na discretização da solução da equação de onda. A condição de fronteira transparente (TBC) é incorporada ao algoritmo FD-BPM com a finalidade de se evitar reflexões de ondas eletromagnéticas para dentro da janela computacional. O método do índice efetivo é empregado na análise de guias de onda tridimensionais do tipo rib. / Optical communication networks have allowed a continuous increase of broadband services offer. The all-optical communication networks are becoming the most ambitious technological goal. Great efforts have been concentrated on the materiaIs and devices development and improvement to make it possible. Nonreciprocal devices, such as isolators and circulators constitute an important class of optical devices. Isolators are used in optical systems to avoid reflection of light in lasers and amplifiers. Circulators are used in signal derivation schemes that use wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). The operation of these devices is based on the properties of magnetooptic materiaIs. The purposes of this dissertation are to present the main features of the magnetooptic materiaIs as well as to analyze the eletromagnetic wave propagation in magnetooptic waveguides, exploring nonreciprocal features of TM modes. Planar and three-dimensional waveguides are analysed in this present study. Therefore expressions of electromagnetic field components and characteristic equations of the modes of interest in planar structures are obtained by using transfer matrix technique (TMT). The wave propagation analysis in planar magnetooptic waveguides is realized by using the finite-difference beam propagation method (FD-BPM) and Crank-Nicholson scheme (CN) applied to wave equation solution discretization. In order to avoid electromagnetic wave reflection into computational window, the transparent boundary condition (TBC) is incorporated to the FD-BPM formalism. The effective index method (EIM) is used in the analysis of three-dimensional rib magnetooptic waveguides.

As redes ópticas de comunicação têm possibilitado, cada vez mais, o oferecimento de serviços do tipo faixa larga. A rede de comunicação totalmente óptica está se tornando a meta tecnológica mais ambiciosa. Grandes esforços têm sido concentrados no desenvolvimento e aperfeiçoamento de materiais e dispositivos não-recíprocos, como isoladores e circuladores constituem uma importante classe de dispositivos ópticos. Os isoladores são utilizados em sistemas ópticos para prevenir a reflexão de luz em lasers e amplificadores. Os circuladores são empregados em esquemas de derivação de sinais que utilizam multiplexação em comprimento de onda (WDM). O funcionamento destes dispositivos é baseado nas propriedades de materiais magnetoópticos. As metas desta dissertação são apresentar as principais características dos materiais magnetoópticos, explorando as características não-recíprocas dos modos TM. Guias planares e tridimensionais são analisados neste trabalho. Para tanto, são obtidas as expressões das componentes dos campos e as equações características dos modos de interesse em estruturas planares por meio da técnica de matriz de transferência (TMT). A análise de propagação de onda em guias planares com materiais magnetoópticos é feita por meio de simulação numérica empregando o método de propagação de feixe (BPM) baseado em diferenças finitas (FD) e o esquema de Crank-Nicholson (CN) na discretização da solução da equação de onda. A condição de fronteira transparente (TBC) é incorporada ao algoritmo FD-BPM com a finalidade de se evitar reflexões de ondas eletromagnéticas para dentro da janela computacional. O método do índice efetivo é empregado na análise de guias de onda tridimensionais do tipo rib. / Optical communication networks have allowed a continuous increase of broadband services offer. The all-optical communication networks are becoming the most ambitious technological goal. Great efforts have been concentrated on the materiaIs and devices development and improvement to make it possible. Nonreciprocal devices, such as isolators and circulators constitute an important class of optical devices. Isolators are used in optical systems to avoid reflection of light in lasers and amplifiers. Circulators are used in signal derivation schemes that use wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). The operation of these devices is based on the properties of magnetooptic materiaIs. The purposes of this dissertation are to present the main features of the magnetooptic materiaIs as well as to analyze the eletromagnetic wave propagation in magnetooptic waveguides, exploring nonreciprocal features of TM modes. Planar and three-dimensional waveguides are analysed in this present study. Therefore expressions of electromagnetic field components and characteristic equations of the modes of interest in planar structures are obtained by using transfer matrix technique (TMT). The wave propagation analysis in planar magnetooptic waveguides is realized by using the finite-difference beam propagation method (FD-BPM) and Crank-Nicholson scheme (CN) applied to wave equation solution discretization. In order to avoid electromagnetic wave reflection into computational window, the transparent boundary condition (TBC) is incorporated to the FD-BPM formalism. The effective index method (EIM) is used in the analysis of three-dimensional rib magnetooptic waveguides.

<p>Among computational electromagnetic methods, Integral Equation (IE) solvers have a great capability in solving open-region problems such as scattering and radiation, due to no truncation boundary condition required. Volume Integral Equation (VIE) solvers are especially capable of handling arbitrarily shaped geometries and inhomogeneous materials. However, the numerical system resulting from a VIE analysis is a dense system, having $N^2$ nonzero elements for a problem of $ N $ unknowns. The dense numerical system in conjunction with the large number of unknowns resulting from a volume discretization prevents a practical use of the VIE for solving large-scale problems.</p> <p>In this work, two fast algorithms of $ O(N \log N) $ complexity to generate an rank-minimized $ H^2 $-representation for electrically large VIEs are developed. The algorithms systematically compress the off-diagonal admissible blocks of full VIE matrix into low-rank forms of total storage of $O(N)$. Both algorithms are based on nested cross approximation, which are purely algebraic. The first one is a two-stage algorithm. The second one is optimized to only use one-stage, and has a significant speedup. Numerical experiments on electrically large examples with over 33 million unknowns demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithms. </p> <p>Important applications of VIEs in thermal and quantum engineering have also been explored in this work. Creating spin(circularly)-polarized infrared thermal radiation source without an external magnetic field is important in science and engineering. Here we study two materials, magnetic Weyl semimetals and manganese-bismuth(MnBi), which both have permittivity tensors of large gyrotropy, and can emit circularly-polarized thermal radiations without an external magnetic field. We also design symmetry-broken metasurfaces, which show strong circularly-polarized radiations in simulations and experiments. In spin qubit quantum computing systems, metallic gates and antennas are necessary for quantum gate operations. But their existence greatly enhances evanescent wave Johnson noise (EWJN), which induces the decay of spin qubits and limits the quantum gate operation fidelity. Here we first use VIE to accurately simulate realistic quantum gate designs and quantify the influence on gate fidelity due to this noise.</p>