The primary purpose of this study was to present a sociological analysis of American Buddhism in northern Utah. Specifically, the analysis covered the acculturation changes of American Buddhism in X __ , Utah, the functions of the acculturation changes, and the effects of secularization on the Buddhists. The findings were as follows: Buddhism in X___ is becoming "American Buddhism" just as Buddhism in Japan became Japanese Buddhism. Buddhism in X___ reinforces the norms and values of the X___ society but also puts a strain on social relationship by contributing to ethnocentrism and racial segregation. The Buddhist Society in X___ has become more secular and, as a consequence of the secularization process, could cease to exist in the future.

During the last few years, red raspberry growers in Utah have been finding that plantings gradually lose vigor and are not profitable. In the largest raspberry growing area in Utah, Utah County, figures taken from the U.S. census from 1930 to 1950, show a decrease in acres of raspberries grown from 401 in 1930 to 190 in 1950 (2). In many instances this deterioration of raspberry plantings in Utah has not been definitely associated with known plant pathogenic fungi or virus infections. Neither can the expansion of suburbs account for this decrease. In certain cases it has been obvious that other factors were involved. Since attention had already been directed to above-ground symptoms, the next logical step was to exam in the roots.

Sprinkling as a method of irrigation has been expanding rapidly in the United States, with acreages irrigated by this method increasing every year. One of the major reasons for the expansion is the great improvements that have been made in sprinkler irrigation equipment. Lightweight aluminum pipe, with quick couplers, improved pump and motor efficiencies have all made sprinkler irrigation more desirable. High efficiency of water application, labor requirements, and favorable plant response have also favored the expansion.

Each year many new families enter the recreational boating force. Boat ownership throughout the nation has increased over the past few years until it no longer appears to be a status symbol, but merely a very popular means of increasing family enjoyment of the great out-of-doors.

One of the distinguishing features of the modern elementary school is a library. The changes in educational philosophy which have made the child rather than the lesson the center of interest have brought about new methods of teaching. The lesson now becomes a challenge to the child to seek out information from many sources: books, magazines, newspapers, pamphlets, maps, and visual aids. No longer does the more memorizing of a specific assignment mean successful education.

Thirty-two engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) ranging in d.b.h. from 9.4 to 84.6 em, twenty subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) with d.b.h. 's from 8.1 to 58.8 em, and twenty aspen (Populus tremuloides) ranging in d.b . h. from 4.5 to 48.2 em. were destructively sampled in Northern Utah to construct wood and bark biomass and production prediction equations for above and below ground parts. These prediction equations were then applied to stand table data from 20 x 25 meter plots representing a sere that changes from subalpine meadow to aspen to fir to a 'climax' stand of spruce. The biomass production data along the successional stages were then used to test some of Odum's hypotheses regarding ecosystem development (Science 1969). In all biomass and production predictive equations diameter at breast height (1.38 meters) and its transformations was found to be the single best independent variable. Spruce bole bark biomass was best correlated linearly with d. b.h. Spruce bole wood, branch wood and branch bark were best predicted with a d.b.h. 2 relationship. All fir above ground biomass components as well as all aspen above ground components except aspen branch wood were best correlated with d. b.h. 2 Aspen branch wood biomass was best predicted by a d.b.h. 3 equation. Seedling sized fir, spruce, and aspen (trees less than 1.38 meters in height) had their total above ground wood and bark biomass best predicted using basal diameter3 as the independent variable. Seven spruce and fir stump and root systems, from trees ranginq from 2.5 to 66 .0 em . in d.b.h., were excavated by hand. All roots down to one centimeter in diameter were cut weighed and oven-dried. Biomass data from the fir and spruce stumps and roots were combined because of their similarity. The resulting combined biomass data was described accurately by using d.b.h. 4 as the independent variable. Aspen root biomass was obtained through the use of three randomly located excavated cubic meter pits in each of four different clones. The aspen pit root biomass was best described by employing a sixth degree polynomial using the diameter (em) of the four nearest trees to pit center divided by their average distance (meters) to pit center. Two production methods were used : l) mean annual increment (MAl) and 2) periodic annual increment (PAl). No production estimates for roots were made. Spruce bole wood and bark MAl's were best predicted by d.b.h. and log-log d.b.h. equations respectively. Spruce branch wood and branch bark MAl's were both best described by d.b.h. (li near) relationships. All fir MAl branch and bole components used d.b.h.2 in their predictive equations. All aspen MAl equations used sixth degree polynomials with d.b.h. as the independent variable. Polynomials were employed when downward or leveling trends could not be adequately represented using standard statistical techniques. Spruce and aspen PAI equations were constructed using polynomials. Fir PAl, because of the data, could be best predicted using standard regression techniques. Fir bole wood and bark PAl equations were 'linear and thus best described by d.b. h. untransformed. Fir branch and wood PAl showed some leveling which was gradual enough to best be fitted by a d.b.h."3 equation. Using the biomass and production predictive equations and stand tables from plots representing a succession, plot biomass and productions were generated. The plot biomasses and productions were plotted against estimated age (time from the initial meadow invasion by aspen). Above and below ground total wood and bark plot biomass was found to increase with time through all stages being low in early aspen dominated stages (1.5 x 10 5 kg/ha@ 7.5 years) to high in late spruce dominated stands (5.25 .x 10 5 kg/ha@ 258 years). This finding supports Odum's hypothesis that biomass is low in early stages and higher in later stages of ecosystem development. Both estimates (MAl and PAI) of total above-ground plot production show that production is high in early aspen stages (PAl is 4.7 x 103 kg/ha/yr@ 65 years), low in mid-successional fir dominated stands (PAl is 3.0 x 10 3 kg/ha/yr@ 130 years), and high again in the late spruce stages (4.6 x 10 3 kg/ha/yr @ 258 years). This tends to contradict Odum's hypothesis that production tends to keep decreasing after the initial stages of succession. While these tests of Odum's hypotheses are only on the basis of tree wood and bark, these values will probably be found to be the largest single biomass and possibly production community contributors .

Oral interviews were conducted in Cache Valley pertaining to the goods and services performed by the itinerant peddler as compared with peddling in the continental United States. Having a large inland lake such as Bear Lake brought about the peddling of fish, similar to that done on the seaboard. The availability of goods and services rendered by the itinerant in Utah was similar to the goods and services obtainable from earlier United States peddlers .

The genetic relationship between a Vertisol and an associated Mollisol with an argillic horizon was studied. These soils are taxadjuncts of the Hawkins and Ostler series, respectively. They occur in the Wasatch Mountains of northern Utah and have similar parent materials, altitudes, and slope percentages. Ostler soils have a dense cover of Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) and occur preferentially on north aspects. Mule's ear (Wyethia amplexicaulis) is the dominant vegetation on Hawkins soils, which are most frequent on south aspects. Erosion is prevalent on Hawkins soils because the mule's ear does not adequately cover the soil surface during the fall, winter, and early spring. The dense oak woods and the litter cover on the Ostler soil protect it from erosion. Both soils dried sufficiently for cracks to develop in their clayey portions. The Ostler soil was drier, probably because it has more and longer transpiring vegetation than the Hawkins soil. The Ostler subsoil and the Hawkins solum both had cracks, slickensides, high clay contents, high COLE values, and smectite as the dominant clay mineral. These characteristics of high shrink-swell activity were most strongly expressed in the Hawkins soil. The Ostler subsoil clay was overlain abruptly by loam surface soil. The textural difference was attributed to lessivage, eolian contributions mixed with preexisting surface soil by soil animals, and in situ clay formation in the subsoil. Eolian additions were inferred from the presence of easily weathered silt and clay-size minerals in the Ostler A horizons and within the zone of mixing in the Hawkins soil. These minerals were not present or were less abundant in the Ostler subsoil and in the Hawkins C horizon. The formation of Hawkins soils (Vertisols) probably resulted from erosional exposure of the clay subsoil of Ostler soils or their precursors.

Vegetation structure of sites used by ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) hens with brood, solitary grouse, drumming males, and nesting hens in northern Utah was measured in 1979 and 1980 . Univariate statistical techniques were used to determine general habitat characteristics of each group and discriminant function analysis was applied to the data to differentiate among groups. Most nests were located in maple stands (Acer grandidentatum and A. negundo) with dense tree canopies, low shrubs, and sparse ground vegetation. Drumming logs were most commonly found in densely stocked stands of aspen (Populus tremuloides) mixed with maple or chokecherry (Prunus virginiana) having a well-developed shrub layer and good horizontal visibility. The most important component of habitat used by solitary grouse was the dense shrub layer that apparently provided protection from precipitation, extreme temperatures, and predators. Hens with brood were commonly associated with aspen and mixed aspen stands which had open canopies, sparse shrub growth, and tall ground cover. Near the end of July, hens with brood began using habitat similar to that used by solitary grouse. The degree of horizontal visibility best separated habitat used by hens with brood and solitary grouse from the more open habitat associated with drumming logs and nest sites. Open tree canopy cover and tall shrubs best differentiated between habitat used by hens with brood from that used by solitary grouse. In general, many structural characteristics of habitat used by ruffed grouse in northern Utah appear similar to those reported in other areas of the species' range . Management strategies for use here should, however, be developed for small "islands" of habitat and emphasize enhancing structural and species diversity by planning for mixed aspen stands with a well-developed shrub layer.

The study addresses five areas relating to the biology and management of common snipe (Capella gallinago), including habitat requirements, food habits , breeding biology, sexing and aging and census techniques. The primary habitat requirement of snipe was determined to be areas that were saturated or covered with shallow water . Secondary requirements were vegetation of less than 3 decimeters in height and between 30 and 50 percent density. Food habit studies determined that snipe selected animal material with larger and more abundant organisms being preferred without regard to species . Plant material appeared to be ingested only i r.cidentally. Common snipe u se winnowing as a courtship display, distraction device and a means of defining territory. Winnowing activity was most intense in periods of subdued light and cooler temperatures . A ground call emitted from a perch also was used to define territory . Snipe on the ground were observed to use the fanned, erect rectrices as a courtship display and as a distraction device. No new techniques were developed for externally sexing snipe and previously used techniques were unreliable. Using the presence of a faint black t erminal line on the rectrices as indication of an immature, 84. 5 percent of 58 snipes were correctly aged. A previously suggested method using the characteristics of the upper wing coverts correctly aged 84. 0 percent of snipe correctly. Discriminant functions developed for externally sexing and aging snipe are not considered reliable because of measurement difficulties and variations in samples. Strip census methods and capture- recapture techniques tested were not effective in estimating snipe populations . The use of average territory size divided into the amount of suitable habitat and actual counts resulted in reliable estimates of the population.