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The constitution of the Northwest TerritoriesJordan, Anthony J. 15 July 2008 (has links)
The general theme of the thesis is a broad examination of the nature and structure of the constitution of the Northwest Territories, including the relationship of the Territorial Government to the Federal Government and an examination of some possible future developments in the area.<p>
Following a review of the constitutional history of the Northwest Territories and a summary of relevant legislation, past and present, Chapter Two contains an examination of the status of the Government of the Northwest Territories, concluding that it is a government in the true sense and not simply an agency of the Federal Government. It has powers similar to those exercised by the Provincial Governments but differs from them in its lack of responsible government and its continuing legal and practical domination by the Federal Government.<p>
Some examination is made of the forces promoting change in the constitutional structure and status of the Territories. The two dominant forces examined are the existence of major non-renewable resources, particularly hydrocarbons, and the pressure for settlement of native land claims and native self-determination. An examination of the current law concerning control of natural resources and Federal Government policy statements indicates that the Federal Government has, and will endeavor to retain, virtually complete control over all non-renewable resources with a significant economic impact or national demand.<p>
A general review of some of the proposals for the settlement of native claims leads to the conclusion that the claims will be settled in the same manner as previous claims by native people in Canada but will be coupled with changes in the governmental structures of the Territories, consistent with Canadian political traditions, designed to promote and guarantee the involvement of native people in government.<p>
It is concluded that, for the most part, the constitution of the Northwest Territories will continue to evolve towards responsible government and full participation by the Territories as a member of the Confederation. That evolution will follow a pattern similar to that established by the development of the prairie provinces with the only significant differences being found in the role of native people in the political life of the community and the strengthened determination of the Federal Government to retain control of non-renewable resources for an indefinite period.
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Examination of the Molecular Epidemiology, Expansion, Population Structure, and Virulence of the Emerging Fungal Pathogen,<italic>Cryptococcus gattii</italic> in the United StatesByrnes, Edmond John January 2010 (has links)
<p><italic>Cryptococcus gattii</italic> has been actively emerging and adapting to the climates and environment in western North America, bringing with it life-threatening disease to humans and animals. Through systematic investigations of the dynamics of this pathogen in the United States, by studying outbreaks and individual cases, our studies have aimed to increase the understanding of the expansion, emergence, pathogenicity, molecular epidemiology, population structure, and speciation dynamics of this organism that had previously been largely restricted to tropical and sub-tropical climates of the world. <BR> <BR></p><p>Molecular sequence typing has revealed that there are four distinct <italic>C. gattii</italic> molecular types (VGI-VGIV). A major focus of our efforts to examine this pathogen in the United States surrounds the unprecedented <italic>C. gattii</italic> outbreak that emerged in British Columbia, Canada in 1999 and has since expanded throughout the Pacific Northwest region of the United States (Chapters 2, 3). This outbreak has resulted in a large number of infections in both humans and animals, including a high percentage of otherwise healthy individuals. The outbreak isolates are primarily molecular type VGIIa (the major genotype), VGIIb (the minor genotype), or VGIIc, a novel genotype that emerged in Oregon in approximately 2005. <BR> <BR></p><p>The North American Pacific Northwest harbors one of the highest incidences of <italic>C. gattii</italic> infections. In an expansion of molecular epidemiology and population analysis of both MLST and VNTR markers, we show that the VGIIc group is clonal and hypothesize it arose recently. The VGIIa/c outbreak lineages are sexually fertile and studies support ongoing recombination in the global VGII population. This illustrates two hallmarks of emerging outbreaks: high clonality and the emergence of novel genotypes via recombination. In macrophage and murine infections, the novel VGIIc genotype and VGIIa/major isolates from the United States are highly virulent compared to similar non-outbreak VGIIa/major-related isolates. Molecular analysis distinguishes clonal expansion of the VGIIa/major outbreak genotype from related but distinguishable less-virulent genotypes isolated from other geographic regions. Our evidence documents emerging hypervirulent genotypes in the United States that may expand further and provides insight into the possible molecular and geographic origins of the outbreak. <BR> <BR></p><p>While the outbreak is a significant public health concern, an overlooked but considerable disease burden attributable to <italic>C. gattii</italic> among HIV/AIDS patients in Southern California has also occurred (chapter 4). In our studies, we examined the molecular epidemiology, population structure, and virulence attributes of <italic>C. gattii</italic> isolates collected from a cohort of HIV/AIDS patients in Los Angeles County, California. We show that these isolates consist almost exclusively of VGIII molecular type (>93%), in contrast to the vast majority of VGII molecular type isolates found in the outbreak region. Based on molecular phylogenetic analysis, the global VGIII population structure can be divided into two groups, VGIIIa and VGIIIb. We show that isolates from the Californian patients are virulent in murine and macrophage models of infection, with VGIIIa significantly more virulent than VGIIIb. Several VGIII isolates are highly fertile and able to produce large numbers of spores that may serve as infectious propagules. Based on molecular analysis, the a and α VGIII MAT locus alleles are largely syntenic with limited rearrangements compared to the known VGI (a/α) and VGII (α) <italic>MAT</italic> loci, but each has unique characteristics including a distinct deletion flanking the 5' VGIII <italic>MAT</italic> <bold>a</bold> alleles. Fingerprinting analyses of the MAT locus shows that the α allele is more heterogeneous than the <bold>a</bold>allele. Our studies indicate that <italic>C. gattii</italic> VGIII is endemic in Southern California, with other isolates originating from the neighboring regions of Mexico, and in some rarer cases from Oregon and Washington state. Given that >1,000,000 cases of cryptococcal infection and >620,000 attributable mortalities occur annually in the context of the global AIDS pandemic, our findings suggest a significant burden of <italic>C. gattii</italic> infection in AIDS patients may be unrecognized, with potential prognostic and therapeutic implications. These results signify the need to classify pathogenic Cryptococcus cases and highlight possible host differences among the <italic>C. gattii</italic> molecular types, influencing infection of immunocompetent (VGI/VGII) vs. immunocompromised (VGIII/VGIV) hosts. <BR> <BR></p><p>In 2007, the first confirmed case of <italic>Cryptococcus gattii</italic> was reported in the state of North Carolina, USA (chapter 5). An otherwise healthy HIV- male patient presented with a large upper thigh cryptococcoma in February, which was surgically removed and the patient was started on long-term high-dose fluconazole treatment. In May of 2007, the patient presented to the emergency room with seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed two large CNS lesions found to be cryptococcomas based on brain biopsy. Prior chest CT imaging had revealed small lung nodules indicating that <italic>C. gattii</italic> spores or desiccated yeast were likely inhaled into the lungs and dissemination occurred to both the leg and CNS. The patient's travel history included a visit throughout the San Francisco, California region in September-October of 2006, consistent with acquisition during this time period. Cultures from both the leg and brain biopsies were subjected to analysis. Both isolates were <italic>C. gattii</italic>, VGI molecular type. Based on molecular studies and virulence in a heterologous host model, the leg and brain isolates are identical, but the two differed in mating fertility. Two clinical isolates, one from a transplant recipient in San Francisco and the other from Australia, were identical to the North Carolina isolate at all markers tested. Closely related isolates that differ at only one or a few noncoding markers are present in the Australian environment. Our findings support a model in which <italic>C. gattii</italic> VGI was transferred from Australia to California, possibly though an association with its common host plant <italic>E. camaldulensis</italic>, and the patient was exposed in San Francisco and returned to present with disease in North Carolina. <BR> <BR></p><p>To elucidate the speciation dynamics between molecular types VGII and VGIII and what influence nuclear and mitochondrial genomes have on intracellular proliferation and hyoervirulence, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of progeny sets between these molecular types, including progeny sets of VGII<bold>a</bold> x VGIIIα and VGIIα x VGIII<bold>a</bold> crosses (chapter 6). Our analysis reveals that spore viability is exceedingly low, supporting that these are distinct species. We also found that the mitochondrial genome of virulent strains may be necessary but not fully sufficient to confer virulence characteristics. These studies show that each molecular type is likely a distinct species, which was further supported by high levels of diploid or aneuploid progeny, and also shed light into the possible control that both the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes may play in hypervirulence of <italic>C. gattii</italic> outbreak genotypes. Future analyses of both the regions regulating the virulence and also the generation of progeny sets between other species will further address the roles of both speciation and virulence evolution in <italic>C. gattii</italic>. <BR> <BR></p><p>Overall, the studies documented in this dissertation have increased the understanding of molecular epidemiology, population structures, fertility, phenotypic characteristics, virulence characterizations, and speciation of this expanding and emerging fungal pathogen in the United States. This dissertation adds a foundation to the studies of <italic>C. gattii</italic> in the United States and enables future research to be conducted in several critical areas to better understand and ultimately influence surveillance, prognosis, and treatment of patients and animals in future years.</p> / Dissertation
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Optical dating of young lacustrine sediment from Manas Lake in northwestern ChinaWang, Ruochen, 王若辰 January 2014 (has links)
abstract / Earth Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy
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The biology of a relict population of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., in Ogac Lake, Baffin Island, N.W.T.Patriquin, David Graham. January 1966 (has links)
[...] Interest in the lake was stimulated by reports of Baffin Island Eskimos fishing 'giant' cod in the lake. Scientific studies were begun in 1951 when the M.V. 'Calanus' of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada was working in the Frobisher Bay area under the leadership of M.J. Dunbar. A one-day survey revealed a unique ecological situation, and subsequent investigations were made during the summer of 1952 when a two man party was landed there from the M.V. 'Calanus' for 36 days, and during the summers of 1957, 1962, and 1965 when more extensive studies were carried out by I.A. McLaren. The material for this thesis was collected during these expeditions. [...]
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[The] physiography of Melville Peninsula, N.W.T. --Sim, Victor W. January 1962 (has links)
The purposes of the present study may be stated as follows : i. To present a logical chronological account of the physiographic development of Melville Peninsula. ii. To trace the major events of the Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation in Melville peninsula. iii. To discuss the geomorphic processes which are active today in modifying the present surface configuration ofMelville Peninsula. iv. On the basis of the above discussion, to divide the peninsula into physiographic regions and to describe them systematically.
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Primary plant succession on the Twin Glacier foreland, Alexandra Fjord, Ellesmere Island, Canadian high ArcticJones, Glenda A. 05 1900 (has links)
Primary plant succession was examined on the foreland of the retreating Twin Glacier
at Alexandra Fjord, Ellesmere Island. The position of the glacial front was monitored directly
from 1980 to 1995 (except 1986-1991), and airphotos show the position of the glacier in 1959.
Hence, there was an excellent opportunity to study primary succession where there was
adequate chronological control. Presently, a well preserved pre-Little Ice Age plant
community and organically rich (paleo) soil are being released from the Twin Glacier, in
addition to glacio-fluvial sediments, rendering this foreland study unique.
A terrain age scheme was developed using direct retreat measurements, airphotos and
Salix aging. The relationship between the clump diameters of Luzula confusa and terrain age
was determined to provide an alternative to lichenometry. Vegetation cover was assessed in
1994 and 1995 using a stratified random design. TWINSPAN and canonical correspondence
analysis (detrended and non-detrended) were used together to examine vegetation patterns in
relation to environmental variables. Soil seed bank and seed rain patterns were examined in
relation to the above-ground vegetation. The seed bank was sampled in 1994, including
samples from paleo-soil and glacio-fluvial sediment. To assess the fall-winter seed rain, seeds
were collected between mid-August 1994 and early June 1995, using seed traps (artificial turf).
Winter seed rain was sampled by collecting snow-core samples in early June 1995.
Terrain age accounted for most of the variation in species composition over the study
area. By directional-replacement, the succession followed four main stages of dominance in
44+ years: mosses —> graminoid-forb —> deciduous shrub-moss —> evergreen dwarf-shrubmoss.
There was little difference in the successional sequences exhibited by the vegetation
growing on the paleo-soil compared to that growing on the glacio-fluvial sediment. The
relationship between the Luzula confusa clump diameters and terrain age was logarithmic.
Luzula confusa dominated the above-ground vegetation, as well as, the germinable seed bank
and seed rain. The average germinable seed bank, fall-winter seed rain and winter seed rain
densities were 367 ± 32, 384 ± 47 and 180 ± 53 seeds/m2, respectively. The seed bank was
significantly positively correlated with the above-ground vegetation cover for all species
combined, Luzula confusa (monocotyledons), dicotyledons and Papaver radicatum. There
was a significant positive correlation between the fall-winter seed rain and the above-ground
vegetation cover for Luzula confusa. No difference was detected in seed bank density between
the paleo-soil and the glacio-fluvial sediment. However, the total vegetation cover was
significantly higher on the paleo-soil.
The relationship determined between Luzula confusa clump diameters and terrain age
appears to be a valuable alternative to lichenometry on the Twin Glacier foreland. Although
the results showed that directional-replacement is possible in high arctic environments, this
mode of succession is likely atypical of such environments; the Twin Glacier foreland is located
in one of the very few polar oases in the Queen Elizabeth Islands. The positive correlation of
the above-ground vegetation with the seed bank and fall-winter seed rain suggests that
colonization is largely constrained by seed availability. The winter seed rain appears to be
relatively important on the Twin Glacier foreland. The higher vegetation cover on the paleosoil
versus the glacio-fluvial sediment suggests, at least for some species, that the former
provides conditions more favourable for establishment and growth than the latter.
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Ecology And Evolution Of Heavily Exploited Fish PopulationsRicard, Daniel 25 May 2012 (has links)
Commercial harvest of fish stocks and their appropriate management requires an understanding
of their population dynamics and of their ability to sustain exploitation.
Here, some ecological and evolutionary consequences of excessive exploitation are
examined.
In Chapter 2 I evaluate the knowledge base and status of commercially exploited
marine populations that undergo formal stock assessment. Despite a bias towards industrialised
countries and stocks of commercial importance, I show the pervasiveness
of overexploitation and, by using reference points of stock status, identify important
regional differences in the effectiveness of fisheries management.
In Chapter 3 I develop a data format suitable for ecological analyses to best disseminate
the valuable information contained in scientific trawl surveys. This data
format is suitable for inclusion into the public Ocean Biogeographic Information System
(OBIS) and provides detailed observations that are suitable to the reconstruction
of important fisheries-independent stock indices.
In Chapter 4 I examine the spatiotemporal dynamics of groundfish populations. A
positive abundance-occupancy relationship was estimated for the majority of groundfish
populations examined suggesting that this well-described terrestrial pattern is
also pervasive in the marine environment. Spatial hysteresis was exhibited by numerous
populations, indicating that the spatial distribution of individuals failed to
recover despite recoveries in abundance.
In Chapter 5 I estimate the demographic consequences of changes in growth and
maturation characteristics. The ability of a population to sustain harvest, and its
ability to recover from previous depletions can be overestimated because of trends
towards earlier maturation and slower growth.
In Chapter 6 I conclude the thesis by discussing the implications of my research to
fisheries science and management. I argue that trends in the spatial distribution and
the overall productivity of populations must be accounted for when determining sustainable
fishing levels and when predicting recovery trajectories under various catch
abatement scenarios. While successful management measures have been implemented
in a number of marine ecosystems, this thesis highlights the importance of improving
our capacity to understand the dynamics of exploited populations and to fully use
the wealth of available monitoring and assessment data.
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Assessment of cadmium intake from the consumption of traditional food in Fort Resolution, Northwest TerritoriesKim, Christine Ji-Hyun January 1995 (has links)
The aim of this study was to investigate the cadmium (Cd) exposure level from traditional food in Fort Resolution, Northwest Territories. Cd concentration in the liver and kidney of caribou and moose exceeded the action level (1 $ mu$g/g) established by Agriculture Canada, but the frequencies of consumption of these foods were relatively low. Cd intakes from traditional food ranged from 0.01 to 1713 $ mu$g/day/person. Average Cd intakes from traditional food were estimated to be 10% and 6% of the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI), 7 $ mu$g/kg body weight/person, for women and men, respectively. The major contributors to the total Cd intake on a population basis were moose liver for women, and flesh of moose and caribou for men. The average Cd inhaled from cigarette smoking was 21.1 $ pm$ 9.1 $ mu$g/day/person. Total Cd intakes from traditional food and smoking were estimated to be 24% and 20% of the PTWI for women and men, respectively. The total Cd intakes of smokers and nonsmokers were significantly different (p $<$ 0.001). The total Cd intake via market and traditional food, and cigarette smoking was 246.4 $ mu$g/week which was lower than the PTWI, 500 $ mu$g/week. Another objective of this study was to investigate an effect of food preparation on Cd speciation in food. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Rb-Sr geochronological study of rocks of the Bear and Slave Provinces, Northwest TerritoriesFrith, Rosaline January 1974 (has links)
No description available.
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Inuvialuit perceptions of contaminants and communication processes in Sachs Harbour, Northwest TerritoriesReinfort, Breanne 08 January 2015 (has links)
Since the relatively recent discovery of elevated concentrations of contaminants such as mercury and persistent organic pollutants in the Arctic, Inuvialuit have been receiving information about the potential impacts of these contaminants on the environment, wildlife, and human health. Almost 20 years of communication efforts have resulted in only a general awareness of contaminant issues, as the focus on perceptions of message content has overlooked the important impact of communication processes (methods, sources) on message reception, understanding, and acceptance. For this research, interviews, focus groups, and informal conversations were used to explore the myriad of contaminant perceptions and associations held by Inuvialuit in Sachs Harbour, NT, as contaminants were used as a case example to investigate perceptions of and recommendations for science communication. Concepts of respect, time, and relationships influenced the inter-related impressions of communication processes and research/researchers (the mediums), which in turn influenced perceptions of contaminants among participants. The medium is thus an important part of the message in scientific communication, and is implicated in the conduct of research and research communication in small, remote Arctic communities.
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