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The low ambient air temperatures, together with the low annual rainfall and complete lack of vegetation in the Canadian High Arctic, results in a breakdown of the carbonate rock material by mechanical means. The importance of chemical decomposition, soil formation and transport of ionic material in solution is negligible, when compared with the role played by these same processes in more temperate climates. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate certain aspects of the alkali, alkaline earth and heavy metal geochemistry of selected components of the weathering cycle. The discussion will deal with concentration levels of these parameters in stream waters and, to a lesser extent, soils and stream sediments. Analytical results show that element distributions in the streams resemble those of more temperate carbonate terrains. However, the solute levels are, in general, lower, indicating that a greater proportion of the metals is travelling in colloidal form and/or adsorbed to siltsized material carried by the streams. These findings confirm the belief that chemical weathering and transport in solution are of little importance in the area studied. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

The superbly exposed Rocknest Formation, Wopmay Oroqen, N.W.T., Canada, is an early Proterozoic (l.B9 Ga) passivemargin carbonate platform. It is an eastward-thinning prism, 0 to 1,100 m thick, extending for over 220 km parallel to strike, and over 200 k.m perpendicular to strike. It contains from west to east, slope, outer-shelf, shoaloomplex, and inner-shelf facies. Slope facies are rhythmites, megabreccias and rhythmite breccias. Outershelf faciea include stromatolitic reefal boundstone and backreef ooid/intraclast grainstore. Shoal-complex facies are shallowing-upward cycles of tufa, cryptalgalaminite, laminated dolosiltite/lutite, overlain by tepees, breccias and pisolite; these formed a paleotopographic high, restricting an eastern "lagoon" from western ocean. Innershelf facies are dominantly asymmetric, shallowing-upward cycles of "lagoonal" mixed carbonates and siliciclastics, that grade up into intertidal stromatolitic dolomites; cyclic facies pass eastward into non—cyclic siliclastics of central and eastern "lagoon". The shelf was terminally drovmed during attempted subduction of the margin. Individual cycles are correlatable for over 200 km parallel to strike and over 120 Ion perpendicular to strike. Cycles formed in response to small, asymmetric (rapid rise/slow fall) eustatic oscillaticns in sea-level (= 10 m). An alpine glacio-eustatic model accounts for the origin of cycles best. During sea-level rise, rapid transgression and submergence of tidal flats occurred along eastern margin of the shoal-complex, followed by eastward expansion of the shoal—complex, and slow progradation of tidal flats over lagoonal facies during sea-level fall. Computer modelling of Rocknest cycle types across the platform provides important information on absolute l sedimentation rates and lag times. / Ph. D.

On July 31,1981 the federal cabinet approved the Norman Wells Pipeline and Expansion Project (NW Project). The project consisted of a tenfold expansion to the existing oilfield at Norman Wells, N.W.T., and the construction of an 870 km pipeline to Zama, Alberta. The approval was subject to a formal delay to allow "time for effective and meaningful planning" for the implementation of special management measures and benefit packages. Construction commenced January 1983 and the project became operational in April 1985. Although the project did not represent a major undertaking by industry standards, it was significant for the north because it was the first major hydrocarbon production and transportation project to be completed in the Northwest Territories. In addition, the project involved a number of unique impact management structures in order to coordinate government and industry's activities and incorporate native concerns. The approach, if successfully implemented, would represent an important step towards recognizing native concerns in project management. As a result of the new impact management structures, the NW Project has been referred to by the federal government and industry as a "model" for future northern development projects. On the other hand, native organizations viewed the project as a 'test case' that failed since all the conditions to their approval were not fully met. This inconsistency highlights the importance of clarifying which structures were successful for future northern megaprojects. This thesis focuses on one of the management structures unique to the NW Project, the Project Coordinating Committee (PCC). The PCC was established "to provide a forum for formal project update, reporting, communication and coordination of activities". The Committee had representatives from the federal government, the two proponents, the Government of the Northwest Territories, the Dene Nation, and the Metis Association. The specific purpose of this thesis is to assess the performance of the PCC using criteria derived from the literature on Planning Process and Citizen Participation, Group Dynamics, and Environmental Dispute Resolution. The results of this evaluation showed that the committee failed to satisfy all the performance criteria. However, at the root of the problem were the politics associated with the approval of the project, and in particular, the fact that the native land claims issue had not been resolved. Even in the absence of negotiated powers, the Dene and Metis had expected to actively participate in the regulation and management of the NW Project. When these powers were divorced from the processes the Dene and Metis were to be involved in, the Dene and Metis boycotted them. In addition to politics, there were also fundamental structural and operational deficiencies with the PCC which were detrimental to its performance. On the basis of this analysis, an improved committee framework for future projects is proposed.

The short-term responses of Cassiope tetragona, a high arctic evergreen shrub, to variations in growing season climate were examined using experimental manipulations of temperature and growing season length at Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Island. Surface temperatures in the field were increased an average of 1-2 °C in two communities using open-top greenhouses. Growing season length was altered in a snowbed community by using manual snow manipulations to change the date of snowmelt. Growth and reproductive responses of Cassiope tetragona to these manipulations were observed over two field seasons following treatment establishment. Natural variations in vegetative and reproductive characteristics of Cassiope tetragona were also monitored in unmanipulated communities selected to represent a range of environmental conditions at the study site. Retrospective analysis of past Cassiope growth and reproduction was used to provide a record of variations in productivity spanning 25-35 years which could be related to climate records from Ellesmere Island. For the retrospective analysis, patterns of internode lengths were used to delimit sections of annual growth and chronologies of annual stem elongation, leaf number and flower number were then analyzed using methods similar to those applied to tree-ring studies. In general, the reproductive parameters of Cassiope tetragona were observed to be highly responsive to short-term variations in growing season climate, while vegetative production exhibited a much more conservative response. Flower production and rates of reproductive development were significantly stimulated by experimental warming. Retrospective analysis of flower production support field observations indicating that flower production is highly sensitive to annual variations in growing season temperatures. In contrast, shoot growth showed moderate responses to experimental warming. Records of past growth indicate that although vegetative production appears to be sensitive to annual variations in summer temperatures, the degree of responsiveness is much lower than for reproductive parameters. Net growth and reproduction were not stronly affected by natural or experimental variations in snowmelt timing, although phenology timing was significantly altered. The conservative growth response of Cassiope tetragona to short-term variations in climate is suggested to be related to constraints on plant phenology which may restrict flexibility in the period utilized by plants for aboveground growth. Preferential allocation of within-plant resources to reproductive structures during periods of ameliorated growing season climate may account for the observed strong reproductive responses to climate variations. Trade-offs betweeen growth and reproduction have important implications for predicting the long-term response of Cassiope tetragona to climate change. An understanding of within-plant allocation strategies is also important to the interpretation of past variations in growth and reproduction. Retrospective analysis of past Cassiope production is likely to be a very useful tool for investigating ecological relationships and past climate change.

Mesidotea entomon inhabiting Pauline Cove, YT, is larger in total body length at sexual maturity than M. entomon inhabiting Dolomite Lake, NWT. The sex ratio, diet, habitat distributions, size frequency distributions, and fecundity in the two populations are compared. Total carbohydrate, protein, lipid, chitin, and ash contents of both isopods' life stages are compared. Isopods in the cove show reduced carbohydrate and elevated lipid levels. In the 1975, 1978, and 1979 summers, isopods in the cove were internally infected with an extracellular protozoan parasite; those in the lake were uninfected. The infection is systemic. The prevalence of the protozoan infection increases with increasing host size. The host response involved phagocytosis and encapsulation. Transmission may be transovarially and/or by ingestion of the infective stage. The protozoan also infected Mesidotea sibirica. The infection is related to growth, abundance, habitat, reproduction, and biochemical variables.

On July 31,1981 the federal cabinet approved the Norman Wells Pipeline and Expansion Project (NW Project). The project consisted of a tenfold expansion to the existing oilfield at Norman Wells, N.W.T., and the construction of an 870 km pipeline to Zama, Alberta. The approval was subject to a formal delay to allow "time for effective and meaningful planning" for the implementation of special management measures and benefit packages. Construction commenced January 1983 and the project became operational in April 1985. Although the project did not represent a major undertaking by industry standards, it was significant for the north because it was the first major hydrocarbon production and transportation project to be completed in the Northwest Territories. In addition, the project involved a number of unique impact management structures in order to coordinate government and industry's activities and incorporate native concerns. The approach, if successfully implemented, would represent an important step towards recognizing native concerns in project management. As a result of the new impact management structures, the NW Project has been referred to by the federal government and industry as a "model" for future northern development projects. On the other hand, native organizations viewed the project as a 'test case' that failed since all the conditions to their approval were not fully met. This inconsistency highlights the importance of clarifying which structures were successful for future northern megaprojects. This thesis focuses on one of the management structures unique to the NW Project, the Project Coordinating Committee (PCC). The PCC was established "to provide a forum for formal project update, reporting, communication and coordination of activities". The Committee had representatives from the federal government, the two proponents, the Government of the Northwest Territories, the Dene Nation, and the Metis Association. The specific purpose of this thesis is to assess the performance of the PCC using criteria derived from the literature on Planning Process and Citizen Participation, Group Dynamics, and Environmental Dispute Resolution. The results of this evaluation showed that the committee failed to satisfy all the performance criteria. However, at the root of the problem were the politics associated with the approval of the project, and in particular, the fact that the native land claims issue had not been resolved. Even in the absence of negotiated powers, the Dene and Metis had expected to actively participate in the regulation and management of the NW Project. When these powers were divorced from the processes the Dene and Metis were to be involved in, the Dene and Metis boycotted them. In addition to politics, there were also fundamental structural and operational deficiencies with the PCC which were detrimental to its performance. On the basis of this analysis, an improved committee framework for future projects is proposed. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The short-term responses of Cassiope tetragona, a high arctic evergreen shrub, to variations in growing season climate were examined using experimental manipulations of temperature and growing season length at Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Island. Surface temperatures in the field were increased an average of 1-2 °C in two communities using open-top greenhouses. Growing season length was altered in a snowbed community by using manual snow manipulations to change the date of snowmelt. Growth and reproductive responses of Cassiope tetragona to these manipulations were observed over two field seasons following treatment establishment. Natural variations in vegetative and reproductive characteristics of Cassiope tetragona were also monitored in unmanipulated communities selected to represent a range of environmental conditions at the study site. Retrospective analysis of past Cassiope growth and reproduction was used to provide a record of variations in productivity spanning 25-35 years which could be related to climate records from Ellesmere Island. For the retrospective analysis, patterns of internode lengths were used to delimit sections of annual growth and chronologies of annual stem elongation, leaf number and flower number were then analyzed using methods similar to those applied to tree-ring studies. In general, the reproductive parameters of Cassiope tetragona were observed to be highly responsive to short-term variations in growing season climate, while vegetative production exhibited a much more conservative response. Flower production and rates of reproductive development were significantly stimulated by experimental warming. Retrospective analysis of flower production support field observations indicating that flower production is highly sensitive to annual variations in growing season temperatures. In contrast, shoot growth showed moderate responses to experimental warming. Records of past growth indicate that although vegetative production appears to be sensitive to annual variations in summer temperatures, the degree of responsiveness is much lower than for reproductive parameters. Net growth and reproduction were not stronly affected by natural or experimental variations in snowmelt timing, although phenology timing was significantly altered. The conservative growth response of Cassiope tetragona to short-term variations in climate is suggested to be related to constraints on plant phenology which may restrict flexibility in the period utilized by plants for aboveground growth. Preferential allocation of within-plant resources to reproductive structures during periods of ameliorated growing season climate may account for the observed strong reproductive responses to climate variations. Trade-offs betweeen growth and reproduction have important implications for predicting the long-term response of Cassiope tetragona to climate change. An understanding of within-plant allocation strategies is also important to the interpretation of past variations in growth and reproduction. Retrospective analysis of past Cassiope production is likely to be a very useful tool for investigating ecological relationships and past climate change. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Social and economic impacts are often by-products of large scale resource development projects. These socio-economic impacts have become an important component of assessment and review processes during the 1970's and are beginning to attract attention as an issue within impact management. Effective measures of socio-economic impact management are being sought by industry, government and communities who wish to mitigate or avoid negative impacts and/or to enhance potential positive impacts of development. The Norman Wells Oilfield Expansion and Pipeline Project, approved by the Federal Cabinet on July 30, 1981 was formally assessed as having potentially significant socio-economic impacts. The Federal Government therefore created a number of measures that constituted a socio-economic impact management plan. One of these measures was a benefits package of $21.4 million "to ensure that the training objectives, jobs and business opportunities which we have insisted be part of this project are real and meaningful." The federal government's "coordination approach" to management associated with the Norman Wells Project has been vetted as a model for the management of future development projects. The subject of this thesis is the implementation of two of the impact funding programs within this benefits package. The thesis purpose is to assess the effectiveness of these impact funding initiatives as programs of socio-economic impact management. The descriptions of the two initiatives chosen for this analysis indicate that their general purpose was to involve the Dene Nation and the Metis Association of the Northwest Territories in the initiation of programs of community and social development and of planning support and monitoring for the communities of the Mackenzie Valley. These two programs are the subject of some debate between federal government representatives and representatives of the two native organizations involved in the Norman Wells Project. The key parties-at-interest disagree over the effectiveness of the two initiatives as instruments of socio-economic impact management for the Norman Wells Project. In preparation for the actual analysis of these programs, I first developed a process model for socio-economic impact management. This process model provides the framework within which programs of socio-economic impact management are located. Next, I examined the relationship between the socio-economic issues and anticipated problems identified during the Norman Well's Project review processes and the impact fund initiatives under study. This was achieved through a content analysis of documents produced by the Norman Wells Environmental Assessment and Review Panel (E.A.R.P.) and the National Energy Board. I then examined in full the implementation of the initiatives. This was accomplished through a review of documentation and interviews with the relevant actors associated with the two study impact funding programs. My assessment of the effectiveness of the two study initiatives as programs of socio-economic management is based on a comparison of the implementation of these programs to a set of criteria that reflect the basic requirements of programs of impact management. The two study initiatives failed to satisfy all but the program effectiveness criteria that required a relationship with the public review process concerns. The thesis conclusion, therefore, is that as programs of socio-economic impact management for the Norman Wells Project, the two study initiatives have not been effective. I discuss the basis of this conclusion and propose three recommendations toward the planning for future programs of socio-economic impact management. This thesis contributes to the assessment of the impact management efforts associated with the overall approach to management of the Norman Wells Project. It should be useful for parties involved in the determination of impact management programs in future development projects. This analysis will aid in the planning of effective procedures to reduce negative impacts, thus serving the interests of both those affected directly, and the nation at large. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

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