This work is focused on the issue of creation of reserves to cover the costs of decommissioning of nuclear installations. These costs arise from the need to prevent exposure to radioactivity and other pollutants that adversely affect the environment and human health. The thesis describes various systems of decommissioning of nuclear installations and the creation of reserves in selected countries - the Czech Republic, United Kingdom, Finland and France. The analytical part of the work deals with comparative analysis of the creation of reserves for decommissioning of nuclear facilities in selected countries and their subsequent evaluation. The work is a basis for optimizing the system for establishing reserves for decommissioning of nuclear facilities in the Czech Republic.

Plusieurs accidents nucléaires majeurs ont montré la dangerosité de l’industrie nucléaire civile. En droit, les efforts de l’AIEA ont consisté depuis l’origine à développer la sûreté nucléaire. L’objectif est d’assurer le fonctionnement des installations dans de bonnes conditions. La sécurité qui vise à protéger les installations contre des actes malveillants est plus récente. La police et les forces de sécurité en général, sont en charge de la protection des installations contre les menaces criminelles. Si les installations fixes constituent la partie la mieux identifiée du problème, la circulation des sources radioactives dans le monde est le point faible du dispositif industriel. Les règlementations de plus en plus complexes doivent être appréciées en fonction d’une réalité simple : les forces de police ne sont pas mieux protégées que le reste de la population en cas d’accident majeur. Ce constat oblige à déployer des moyens importants dans le domaine de la prévention et de la planification. Les effets massifs d’une urgence radiologique ne reconnaissent pas les frontières des États. La dimension internationale de cette menace est incontestable. Les forces de police préparent les plans d’évacuation des populations. Mais les rayonnements invisibles mortels constituent des défis pour leur mise en œuvre. En réalité, les évacuations pratiquées ces dernières années ont toutes présentées des différences sensibles par rapport aux prévisions. Il ne s’agit pas d’une réflexion théorique sur le droit et les faits. Dans la perspective future d’une attaque terroriste sur une centrale, les moyens de la réponse sécuritaire sont devenus essentiels à la survie des sociétés modernes. / Several major nuclear accidents have shown the dangerousness of the civilian nuclear industry. In law, the IAEA's efforts have been, since the beginning, to develop nuclear safety. The objective is to ensure the operation of the facilities in good conditions. Security which aims to protect facilities against malicious acts is more recent. Police and security forces in general are in charge of protecting the facilities against criminal threats. If fixed installations are the best identified part of the problem, the circulation of radioactive sources in the world is the weak point of the industrial device. Increasingly complex regulations must be assessed according to a simple reality: police forces are not better protected than the rest of the population in the event of a major accident. This observation requires to deploy significant resources in the area of prevention and planning. The massive effects of a radiological emergency do not recognize the borders of states. The international dimension of this threat is indisputable. Police forces prepare evacuation plans for the population. But deadly invisible radiation constitutes a challenge for their implementation. In fact, the evacuations carried out in recent years have all presented significant differences compared to the forecasts. It is not a theoretical reflection on the law and the facts. In the future prospect of a terrorist attack on a power station, the safety response means have become essential to the survival of modern societies.

O presente trabalho identifica, caracteriza e analisa os requisitos normativos para o desenvolvimento e a implementação de um sistema de gestão da qualidade em instalações e atividades nucleares brasileiras. Os requisitos estabelecidos nas normas IAEA GS-R-3, IAEA GS-G-3.1, IAEA DS 349, NBR ISO 9001:2000 e CNEN-NN-1.16 são analisados criticamente. Uma matriz de correspondência entre as normas aplicáveis é apresentada e são identificados os tópicos relacionados entre elas. As normas IAEA GS-R- 3, IAEA GS-G-3.1 e IAEA DS 349 definem requisitos genéricos para estabelecer, implementar, avaliar e melhorar continuamente um sistema integrado de gestão em instalações e atividades nucleares nos países membros da IAEA. A NBR ISO 9001:2000 estabelece requisitos genéricos para a implementação de um sistema de gestão da qualidade em organizações de todos os tipos. A norma CNEN-NN-1.16 estabelece os requisitos regulamentares para sistemas e programas de garantia da qualidade de instalações nucleares, para o licenciamento e operação destas instalações no Brasil. A norma IAEA GS-R-3 que substitui o código IAEA 50-C-Q introduz o conceito de \"Sistema Integrado de Gestão\" para a área nuclear, em preferência aos conceitos de \"Garantia da Qualidade\" e \"Gestão da Qualidade\". Esta nova abordagem acompanha a tendência atual de incorporar requisitos de segurança, saúde, meio ambiente, proteção física, qualidade, econômicos e outros em um único sistema de gestão. Exemplos de sistemas de gestão da qualidade implementados por organizações nucleares brasileiras e por organizações nucleares de outros países são analisados e considerados na discussão dos resultados do trabalho. / The present work identifies, characterizes and analyses the normative requirements for the development and implementation of quality management systems in Brazilian nuclear installations and activities. The requirements established in standards IAEA GS-R-3, IAEA GS-G-3.1, IAEA DS 349, NBR ISO 9001:2000 e CNEN-NN-1.16 are critically analyzed. A correlation matrix of the applicable standards is presented and the related topics among them are identified. The standards IAEA GS-R-3, IAEA GS-G-3.1 and IAEA DS 349 define general requirements for establishing, implementing, assessing and continually improving an integrated management system in nuclear installations and activities, in IAEA member countries. The standard NBR ISO 9001:2000 establishes general requirements for the implementation of a quality management system in all kinds of organizations. The standard CNEN NN-1.16 establishes the regulating requirements for the quality assurance systems and programs of nuclear installations, for licensing and authorization for operation of these installations in Brazil. The standard IAEA GS-R-3 that replaces the code IAEA 50-C-Q introduces the concept of \"Integrated Management System\" for the nuclear area, in preference to the concepts of \"Quality Assurance\" and \"Quality Management\". This new approach is aligned with the current tendency incorporating requirements of quality, safety, health, environment, security, economics and other in a unique management system. Examples of quality management systems implemented by Brazilian nuclear organizations and by nuclear organizations outside Brazil are analyzed and considered in the discussion of results.

O presente trabalho identifica, caracteriza e analisa os requisitos normativos para o desenvolvimento e a implementação de um sistema de gestão da qualidade em instalações e atividades nucleares brasileiras. Os requisitos estabelecidos nas normas IAEA GS-R-3, IAEA GS-G-3.1, IAEA DS 349, NBR ISO 9001:2000 e CNEN-NN-1.16 são analisados criticamente. Uma matriz de correspondência entre as normas aplicáveis é apresentada e são identificados os tópicos relacionados entre elas. As normas IAEA GS-R- 3, IAEA GS-G-3.1 e IAEA DS 349 definem requisitos genéricos para estabelecer, implementar, avaliar e melhorar continuamente um sistema integrado de gestão em instalações e atividades nucleares nos países membros da IAEA. A NBR ISO 9001:2000 estabelece requisitos genéricos para a implementação de um sistema de gestão da qualidade em organizações de todos os tipos. A norma CNEN-NN-1.16 estabelece os requisitos regulamentares para sistemas e programas de garantia da qualidade de instalações nucleares, para o licenciamento e operação destas instalações no Brasil. A norma IAEA GS-R-3 que substitui o código IAEA 50-C-Q introduz o conceito de \"Sistema Integrado de Gestão\" para a área nuclear, em preferência aos conceitos de \"Garantia da Qualidade\" e \"Gestão da Qualidade\". Esta nova abordagem acompanha a tendência atual de incorporar requisitos de segurança, saúde, meio ambiente, proteção física, qualidade, econômicos e outros em um único sistema de gestão. Exemplos de sistemas de gestão da qualidade implementados por organizações nucleares brasileiras e por organizações nucleares de outros países são analisados e considerados na discussão dos resultados do trabalho. / The present work identifies, characterizes and analyses the normative requirements for the development and implementation of quality management systems in Brazilian nuclear installations and activities. The requirements established in standards IAEA GS-R-3, IAEA GS-G-3.1, IAEA DS 349, NBR ISO 9001:2000 e CNEN-NN-1.16 are critically analyzed. A correlation matrix of the applicable standards is presented and the related topics among them are identified. The standards IAEA GS-R-3, IAEA GS-G-3.1 and IAEA DS 349 define general requirements for establishing, implementing, assessing and continually improving an integrated management system in nuclear installations and activities, in IAEA member countries. The standard NBR ISO 9001:2000 establishes general requirements for the implementation of a quality management system in all kinds of organizations. The standard CNEN NN-1.16 establishes the regulating requirements for the quality assurance systems and programs of nuclear installations, for licensing and authorization for operation of these installations in Brazil. The standard IAEA GS-R-3 that replaces the code IAEA 50-C-Q introduces the concept of \"Integrated Management System\" for the nuclear area, in preference to the concepts of \"Quality Assurance\" and \"Quality Management\". This new approach is aligned with the current tendency incorporating requirements of quality, safety, health, environment, security, economics and other in a unique management system. Examples of quality management systems implemented by Brazilian nuclear organizations and by nuclear organizations outside Brazil are analyzed and considered in the discussion of results.