Without doubt a well-developed financial sector is related to efficient resource allocation and growth, but there is modest consensus on the direction of that link, on the notion of what is meant by "well developed", on which subset of the financial market is crucial and thus which organisational set-up provides optimal returns for both architects and market participants alike. With sluggish growth, torn down market barriers and systemic change in the EU accession countries the direction, magnitude, sustainability, institutional set-up of the finance-growth nexus (and which), becomes one of the core issues of both macroeconomic theory and practice. This paper reviews the economic theory available, provides a well structured overview of 54 empirical studies conducted since 1964, sets the stage for constructing a data base encompassing the major three segments of financial markets (stock, bond and bank credit) and provides the methodological background for combining cross-country production function and time-series approaches in order to answer the following questions: (1) What is the direction of the finance-growth nexus, (2) which segment of the financial sector drives whatever nexus there is, and (3) what are the features of a growth supportive financial architecture. / Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a síntese e a caracterização de pós e filmes finos da fase ß-BaB2O4 (ß-BBO) a partir do sistema temário BaO-B2O3-TiO2. A preparação destas amostras foi baseada na utilização de dois métodos de síntese: o método dos precursores poliméricos e o método de deposição por evaporação utilizando um feixe de elétrons. O estudo das amostras na forma de pós mostrou que a adição de TiO2 ao sistema BaO-B2O3 acelera o processo de decomposição térmica e reduz a temperatura de cristalização e de fusão da fase ß-BBO. No que concerne a obtenção da fase ß-BBO, a composição mais adequada é a que contém 4% de TiO2 e cristalizada a 700°C durante 2 horas. As propriedades estruturais, microestruturais e ópticas dos filmes também foram influenciadas pela quantidade de TiO2. Os filmes finos contendo 4% de TiO2 e cristalizados a 650°C apresentam somente a fase ß-BBO com um alto grau de orientação preferencial quando depositados sobre substratos de quartzo amorfo, silício e quartzo monocristalinos. Filmes finos cristalinos depositados pelo método de evaporação por feixe de elétrons contendo a fase ß-BBO somente foram obtidos \"in-situ\" quando os substratos foram aquecidos a 650°C. Os filmes cristalinos obtidos por ambos os métodos apresentaram o efeito de geração de segundo harmônico (\"SHG\"). / The main objective of this work was the synthesis and the characterization of the ß-BaB2O4 (ß-BBO) phase in a powder and thin film form from the BaO-B2O3-TiO2 ternary system. The powder and thin film samples were obtained using two different methods, the polymeric precursor method and the electron beam evaporation method. The study of the powder samples showed that the addition of titanium oxide to the BaO-B2O3 system accelerate the decomposition process, reduces the crystallization temperature and the ß-BBO melting point. The ß-BBO phase was obtained as the main phase for the sample containing 4% of titanium and heat-treated at 700°C for 2h. Structural, microstructural and optical properties of the thin films were also influenced by addition of TiO2. Thin films with 4% of TiO2 and crystallized at 650°C shown only ß-BBO phase with a higher degree of preferred orientation when coated on fused silica, silicon and quartz substrates. The microstructural and the optical properties of these thin films were affected by the type of the substrate and by crystallization temperature and by the heating rate. For the thin film deposited by electron beam evaporation the crystallization of ß-BBO phase \"in-situ\" was only possible when the substrates was heated at 650°C during the deposition. Thin films prepared by both methods presents the effect of Second Harmonic Generation (SHG).

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a síntese e a caracterização de pós e filmes finos da fase ß-BaB2O4 (ß-BBO) a partir do sistema temário BaO-B2O3-TiO2. A preparação destas amostras foi baseada na utilização de dois métodos de síntese: o método dos precursores poliméricos e o método de deposição por evaporação utilizando um feixe de elétrons. O estudo das amostras na forma de pós mostrou que a adição de TiO2 ao sistema BaO-B2O3 acelera o processo de decomposição térmica e reduz a temperatura de cristalização e de fusão da fase ß-BBO. No que concerne a obtenção da fase ß-BBO, a composição mais adequada é a que contém 4% de TiO2 e cristalizada a 700°C durante 2 horas. As propriedades estruturais, microestruturais e ópticas dos filmes também foram influenciadas pela quantidade de TiO2. Os filmes finos contendo 4% de TiO2 e cristalizados a 650°C apresentam somente a fase ß-BBO com um alto grau de orientação preferencial quando depositados sobre substratos de quartzo amorfo, silício e quartzo monocristalinos. Filmes finos cristalinos depositados pelo método de evaporação por feixe de elétrons contendo a fase ß-BBO somente foram obtidos \"in-situ\" quando os substratos foram aquecidos a 650°C. Os filmes cristalinos obtidos por ambos os métodos apresentaram o efeito de geração de segundo harmônico (\"SHG\"). / The main objective of this work was the synthesis and the characterization of the ß-BaB2O4 (ß-BBO) phase in a powder and thin film form from the BaO-B2O3-TiO2 ternary system. The powder and thin film samples were obtained using two different methods, the polymeric precursor method and the electron beam evaporation method. The study of the powder samples showed that the addition of titanium oxide to the BaO-B2O3 system accelerate the decomposition process, reduces the crystallization temperature and the ß-BBO melting point. The ß-BBO phase was obtained as the main phase for the sample containing 4% of titanium and heat-treated at 700°C for 2h. Structural, microstructural and optical properties of the thin films were also influenced by addition of TiO2. Thin films with 4% of TiO2 and crystallized at 650°C shown only ß-BBO phase with a higher degree of preferred orientation when coated on fused silica, silicon and quartz substrates. The microstructural and the optical properties of these thin films were affected by the type of the substrate and by crystallization temperature and by the heating rate. For the thin film deposited by electron beam evaporation the crystallization of ß-BBO phase \"in-situ\" was only possible when the substrates was heated at 650°C during the deposition. Thin films prepared by both methods presents the effect of Second Harmonic Generation (SHG).

The relationships between technological change and economic growth, and research and development and economic growth in the manufacturing sector of Korea were investigated. This study was based on an analysis of capital and labor input, research and development (R&D) stock, productivity, and output data for the period of 1971-1989. The effects of technological change and other factor inputs on economic growth were examined using ordinary least squares regression and generalized least squares in the Cobb-Douglas production function. As expected, the results indicated that there is a significant relationship between technological change and output growth. A strong relationship was also found between Research and Development (R&D) and output growth. And the results indicate that R&D stock accumulated domestically has a positive correlation with the stock of imported technology. The rate of return to R&D investment was estimated at 64 percent and was reduced to 20 percent with consideration of the time lag between R&D investment and the application and commercialization of the R&D innovation. The rate of return to imported technology stock was found larger than that of R&D stock accumulated domestically. A description of the theoretical framework, the methodology applied, and the detailed results are included. / Master of Arts