<p>Physical inactivity is a public health problem and lead to bad health in the population. Healthcare in Västmanland has started the process of prescribing physical activity (OFA) to improvehealth. Sport is an important participant in prescribed physical activity and the sportseducational association, SISU Idrottsutbildarna, is organizing activity leadership training.They educate activity leaders in accepting patient’s prescribed physical activity. The aim ofthe thesis was to study the experiences of Activity Leaders in Västmanland have about theactivity leaders training and the perceptions they have about prescribed physical activity. Toanswer the thesis, six qualitative interviews carried out and analyzed with the help ofconcentration of the contents. The Activity Leaders’ experiences of the education aregenerally positive and their perceptions of prescribed physical activity vary. They believe thatthe activity leadership training can be improved and they are critical of that works are notstarted in a desirable manner and that health care does not prescribe group activities in agreater extent. Activity Leaders feel that the exchange of experiences, greater disseminationof information and health care employees' attitudes to OFA are important elements to improvethe process of prescribed physical activity. Activity Leaders welcomed the future with regardto prescribed physical activity, but that the current economic situation and the lack ofsubsidies will delay the work. Because the work of prescribed physical activity are not yethappened makes it difficult for the Activity Leaders to actively work with prescribed physicalactivity.Physical inactivity is a public health problem and lead to bad health in the population. Healthcare in Västmanland has started the process of prescribing physical activity (OFA) to improvehealth. Sport is an important participant in prescribed physical activity and the sportseducational association, SISU Idrottsutbildarna, is organizing activity leadership training.They educate activity leaders in accepting patient’s prescribed physical activity. The aim ofthe thesis was to study the experiences of Activity Leaders in Västmanland have about theactivity leaders training and the perceptions they have about prescribed physical activity. Toanswer the thesis, six qualitative interviews carried out and analyzed with the help ofconcentration of the contents. The Activity Leaders’ experiences of the education aregenerally positive and their perceptions of prescribed physical activity vary. They believe thatthe activity leadership training can be improved and they are critical of that works are notstarted in a desirable manner and that health care does not prescribe group activities in agreater extent. Activity Leaders feel that the exchange of experiences, greater disseminationof information and health care employees' attitudes to OFA are important elements to improvethe process of prescribed physical activity. Activity Leaders welcomed the future with regardto prescribed physical activity, but that the current economic situation and the lack ofsubsidies will delay the work. Because the work of prescribed physical activity are not yethappened makes it difficult for the Activity Leaders to actively work with prescribed physicalactivity.</p>

Physical inactivity is a public health problem and lead to bad health in the population. Healthcare in Västmanland has started the process of prescribing physical activity (OFA) to improvehealth. Sport is an important participant in prescribed physical activity and the sportseducational association, SISU Idrottsutbildarna, is organizing activity leadership training.They educate activity leaders in accepting patient’s prescribed physical activity. The aim ofthe thesis was to study the experiences of Activity Leaders in Västmanland have about theactivity leaders training and the perceptions they have about prescribed physical activity. Toanswer the thesis, six qualitative interviews carried out and analyzed with the help ofconcentration of the contents. The Activity Leaders’ experiences of the education aregenerally positive and their perceptions of prescribed physical activity vary. They believe thatthe activity leadership training can be improved and they are critical of that works are notstarted in a desirable manner and that health care does not prescribe group activities in agreater extent. Activity Leaders feel that the exchange of experiences, greater disseminationof information and health care employees' attitudes to OFA are important elements to improvethe process of prescribed physical activity. Activity Leaders welcomed the future with regardto prescribed physical activity, but that the current economic situation and the lack ofsubsidies will delay the work. Because the work of prescribed physical activity are not yethappened makes it difficult for the Activity Leaders to actively work with prescribed physicalactivity.Physical inactivity is a public health problem and lead to bad health in the population. Healthcare in Västmanland has started the process of prescribing physical activity (OFA) to improvehealth. Sport is an important participant in prescribed physical activity and the sportseducational association, SISU Idrottsutbildarna, is organizing activity leadership training.They educate activity leaders in accepting patient’s prescribed physical activity. The aim ofthe thesis was to study the experiences of Activity Leaders in Västmanland have about theactivity leaders training and the perceptions they have about prescribed physical activity. Toanswer the thesis, six qualitative interviews carried out and analyzed with the help ofconcentration of the contents. The Activity Leaders’ experiences of the education aregenerally positive and their perceptions of prescribed physical activity vary. They believe thatthe activity leadership training can be improved and they are critical of that works are notstarted in a desirable manner and that health care does not prescribe group activities in agreater extent. Activity Leaders feel that the exchange of experiences, greater disseminationof information and health care employees' attitudes to OFA are important elements to improvethe process of prescribed physical activity. Activity Leaders welcomed the future with regardto prescribed physical activity, but that the current economic situation and the lack ofsubsidies will delay the work. Because the work of prescribed physical activity are not yethappened makes it difficult for the Activity Leaders to actively work with prescribed physicalactivity.

Recently, Sustainable engineering has become a necessity due to the limited availability of virgin materials, environmental concerns, and the lack of economic resources. According to the United Nations, "Sustainable engineering is the process of using resources in a way that does not compromise the environment or deplete the materials for future generations." However, developing cost-efficient and long-term road infrastructure has always been a challenge. Therefore, novel solutions are required to extend the pavement life cycle and minimize raw materials utilization to overcome this challenge. This research focuses on integrating the waste material to produce rheological engineered asphalt mixtures as pavement material. This study utilized three wastes, which are Off-spec fly ash (OFA), Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), and finally, a bio-oil extracted from Spent Coffee Ground (SCG). OFA is a viable source for recycling due to the quantities produced yearly and deposited in landfills. For many years fly ash has been effectively used as a partial replacement for Portland cement in producing different types of concrete, embankments, and soil stabilization. Most of the underutilized fly ash is Off-Spec. That was the motive behind adopting the OFA in this study. This study aims to investigate the fly ash's interaction with the asphalt binder as an additive rather than a filler. Few studies evaluated this hypothesis regarding fly ash as an additive. Moreover, this research's novelty comes as there is a lack of research evaluating the fly ash-asphalt physio-chemical interaction. RAP utilization in roads infrastructure became a current state of practice. Most state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) have been using RAP at a composition average of about 20% of the mix by mass. This study focuses on maximizing the utilization of the RAP content through using a bio-oil extracted from the SCG as a new promising rejuvenator. Spent coffee ground is not well recycled, and almost six million tons are sent to landfills every year. This waste was found to release methane into the atmosphere; methane is the second-most abundant greenhouse gas and has a global warming potential up to 86 times greater than CO2, which is highly harmful to the environment. In this study, the overreaching goal is to develop a green, innovative, and sustainable approach by recycling three different types of wastes (OFA, RAP, and SCGO) to achieve high-performance asphalt pavements. In addition, this study documents the science-based approach to successfully integrating these wastes as substitutes to the asphalt binder. Results show that some OFAs are associated with improved rheological performance, damage healing, and cracking resistance as an asphalt binder additive. The improvement is attributed to the level of interaction between the binder and the physical and chemical characteristics of the OFA. The use of rejuvenators further improved the aging resistance of the ash blends, suggesting high potential synergy, especially the proposed SCGO rejuvenator, which promotes utilizing it as a promising eco-friendly rejuvenator in the asphalt pavement industry. After engineering a product built by OFA and rejuvenators, these results have been validated by mixtures’ scale testing. 62% optimum RAP content is suggested to be utilized with an 11% dosage of the proposed SCGO rejuvenator as binder replacement. For the new engineered OFA/rejuvenators products, a 30% optimum RAP content is suggested to be used. Finally, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is conducted to evaluate the environmental potential of utilizing multi recycled materials in the Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) industry. The results show a reduction in environmental impacts with RAP utilization and the new eco-friendly products (OFA and SCGO rejuvenator). Shifting HMA plant fuel to natural gas instead of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) offers considerable potential environmental benefits. Adopting the Ultrasonic Assisted-oil Extraction (UAE) as SCGO rejuvenator extraction method showed less energy and solvent consumption than the Soxhlet extraction, resulting in less environmental impacts. / Civil Engineering

Ce manuscrit rapporte une étude comparant un protocole d’anesthésie injectable sans opioïde avec ou sans analgésie multimodale chez des chatons subissant une ovariohystérectomie. Cette étude clinique, prospective, randomisée et à l’aveugle, inclut 29 chatons âgés entre 10 semaines et 6 mois. L’anesthésie générale était induite avec une injection intramusculaire de dexmédétomidine (40 μg/kg), kétamine (4 mg/kg) et midazolam (0,25 mg/kg). Le groupe multimodal (MMG; n=14) bénéficiait de méloxicam (0,1 mg/kg) sous-cutané et de bupivacaïne 0,25% intrapéritonéale (2 mg/kg), mais pas le groupe contrôle (CG; n=15). À quinze minutes post-opératoire, 0,4 mg/kg d’atipamézole était injecté intramusculaire. La douleur et la consommation de nourriture étaient évaluées pendant 24 heures post-opératoire. Une analgésie de secours (buprénorphine 0,02 mg/kg intramusculaire [CG et MMG] et méloxicam sous-cutané [CG]) était donnée lors de douleur ≥4/12 sur l’échelle de douleur multidimensionnelle féline de UNESP-Botucatu – forme courte. Les analyses statistiques ont été réalisées avec des modèles linéaires suivis de comparaisons pairées post-hoc avec correction de Benjamini-Hochberg (p<0,05). L'analgésie de secours était plus fréquente dans CG (n=15/15) que dans MMG (n=1/14) (p<0.001). Les scores de douleur (moyenne ± SD) étaient supérieurs dans CG à 1h, 2h et 4h post-opératoire (4.1±2.8, 4.8±3.0, 5.3±1.2, respectivement) que dans MMG (1.6±1.0, 1.1±1.0, 0.9±0.8, respectivement) (p<0.001). La consommation de nourriture (moyenne ± SD), en pourcentage, après 2 et 60 minutes, était supérieure dans MMG (9.7±9.1 et 74.2±29.1, respectivement) que dans CG (1.4±2.4 et 24.5±26.3, respectivement) à 1h post-opératoire (p<0.001). Ce protocole multimodal sans opioïde fournit une analgésie adéquate et supérieure au contrôle chez les chatons subissant une ovariohystérectomie. La douleur diminue la consommation de nourriture post-opératoire. / The study reported in this manuscript compared an opioid-free injectable anesthetic protocol with or without multimodal analgesia in kittens undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Twenty-nine healthy kittens aged between 10 weeks and 6 months were included in this prospective, randomized, blinded, clinical trial. Anesthesia was performed with an intramuscular injection of dexmedetomidine (40 μg/kg), ketamine (4 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.25 mg/kg). In the multimodal group (MMG), cats (n=14) received subcutaneous meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg) and intraperitoneal bupivacaine 0.25% (2 mg/kg), but not in the control group (CG, n=15). Atipamezole (0.4 mg/kg) was given intramuscular 15 minutes after surgery. Postoperative pain and soft food intake were evaluated at specific time points up to 24 hours. Rescue analgesia (intramuscular buprenorphine 0.02 mg/kg [in MMG and CG] and subcutaneous meloxicam 0.1 mg/kg [only in CG]) was administered when pain scores ≥4/12 according to the UNESP-Botucatu multidimensional feline pain assessment scale – short form. Statistical analyses were performed with linear models and post-hoc pairwise comparison with Benjamini-Hochberg corrections (P<0.05). Prevalence of rescue analgesia was higher in CG (n=15/15) than MMG (n=1/14) (P<0.001). Pain scores (mean ± SD) were higher in CG at 1h, 2h and 4h postoperatively (4.1±2.8, 4.8±3.0, 5.3±1.2, respectively) than MMG (1.6±1.0, 1.1±1.0, 0.9±0.8, respectively) (P<0.001). Food intake (mean ± SD), in %, after 2 and 60 minutes was higher in MMG (9.7±9.1 and 74.2±29.1, respectively) than in CG (1.4±2.4 and 24.5±26.3, respectively) at 1h postoperatively (P<0.001). The multimodal opioid-free protocol produced superior postoperative analgesia than control in kittens undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Pain decreased postoperative food intake.