Oil is currently one of the most used energy sources on earth because enters into almost all goods and services. A number of economy and households is dependent on oil. In recent years a trend in the oil market raises many questions. The scope of this diploma thesis is to identify and to analyze key factors influencing the oil market. The next aim is to predict future development of this market. The analysis is focused on the most important economic, geopolitical, environmental and technological factors affecting the oil market. Methodology of the thesis is based on the literature research and on the basic statistical methods to analyze the factors and estimate the future of the oil market.

“Introduction to the Canadian Oil Sands”, “Canada’s Oil Sand Industry: An Overview”, “Heavy Oil Technologies”, and so many other topics about heavy oil have become the hotcakes in the oil industry. A number of new projects are in Execute phase for the development of heavy oil assets. This clearly shows the increasing demand for heavy oil. An oil industry is working hard to meet the world oil demand by developing deep water, HPHT, heavy oil, shale sands and all other non-conventional reservoirs but the main challenge is to develop and operate them in a risk free environment. Understanding the reservoir and fluid properties and developing new technologies help the industry to reduce the risk in developing non-conventional fields. A major problem in heavy oil field is to understand the behaviour of heavy oil. The viscous oil flows sluggishly in the formations and hence it is difficult to transport through unconsolidated formations and is very difficult to produce by conventional methods. Viscous oil recovery entails neatly designed enhanced oil recovery processes like Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage and the success of such technologies are critically dependent on accurate knowledge of reservoir, well and fluid properties of oil under variety of pressure and temperature conditions. This research project has provided some solutions to the challenges in heavy oil field development and can help the oil industry to optimise heavy oil production. Detailed experimental understanding of PVT properties has allowed this project to contribute to the knowledge. Reservoir, well and fluid properties were studied thoroughly and demonstrated the criticality of each parameter on the efficiency of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage. An user friendly SAGD simulator is a big output of this research which allows the user to optimise the heavy oil recovery and enables to do risk assessments quickly during design phase of SAGD. A SAGD simulator is developed.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-06-28T16:41:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE DQF DEZ 2015 SÁVIO VERS FINAL.pdf: 3207378 bytes, checksum: e518f766136335c2e9c8b67935b79755 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T16:41:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE DQF DEZ 2015 SÁVIO VERS FINAL.pdf: 3207378 bytes, checksum: e518f766136335c2e9c8b67935b79755 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-09 / Este trabalho investigou algumas propriedades das biomassas (sementes, cascas, grãos das sementes, óleos brutos e purificado, tortas de prensagem e da extração com hexano e biodiesel metílico do óleo) da Moringa oleifera Lamarck, partindo de suas vagens (frutos maduros), para aplicação energética. O óleo obtido dos grãos por prensagem mecânica teve média de 11,36% e 36,48% por extração com hexano. As biomassas da moringa apresentaram teores de umidade entre 0,06 e 10,86%, cinzas entre 0,07 e 5,61% e poderes caloríficos inferiores entre 15,87 e 37,53 MJ/kg, mostrando-se favoráveis como biocombustíveis renováveis. Os óleos brutos obtidos (por prensagem e por solvente) apresentaram os seguintes resultados: índice de saponificação (180,55 e 179,38 mgKOH/g), índice de iodo (68,93 e 70,71 gI2/100g), índice de acidez (8,85 e 20,54 mg KOH/g), índice de peróxido (3,34 e 5,42 meq O2/kg), teor de água (876,6 e 632,0 mg/kg), turbidez (64,1 e 12,6 NTU), massa específica (909,5 e 907,2 kg/m3 a 20 oC) e viscosidade cinemática (43,6 e 39,1 mm2/s a 40 oC), respectivamente. O óleo bruto misto (1:4) foi degomado, neutralizado, lavado e seco e depois de purificado, caracterizado em turbidez, massa específica, viscosidade cinemática e, principalmente, índice de acidez (0,25 mg KOH/g), índice de peróxido (não detectado) e teor de água (630,2 mg/kg), enquadrando-se nas condições de matéria-prima de biodiesel (máximos de 0,5 mg KOH/g no índice de acidez e 1000 mg/kg no teor de água). O óleo purificado foi convertido em biodiesel metílico em transesterificação alcalina homogênea, razão molar 1:6 (óleo:metanol), a 60 oC por 1 hora com KOH como catalisador e agitação mecânica de 300 rpm. O biodiesel purificado apresentou massa específica de 869 kg/m3 (20 oC), viscosidade cinemática de 5,5 mm2/s (40 oC), teor de éster de 86,2% e 98,23% (em microescala, ratificando a viabilidade do método de produção), índice de acidez de 0,43 mg KOH/g e teor de água de 615,8 mg/kg. As biomassas sólidas da moringa (sementes, tortas e cascas das sementes) apresentam alto potencial para produção de briquetes ou lenha ecológica devido ao seu valor do poder calorífico inferior (entre 15,87 e 23,31 MJ/kg) e tecnologia produtiva simples e acessível. Os resultados mostram que a moringa é uma planta facilmente explorável como energética sustentável, especialmente partindo-se das suas vagens e sementes. / This work investigated some properties of the biomasses (seeds, seed husks, oilseed grains, crude and purified oils, cakes by pressing and by hexane extraction and the methylic biodiesel oil) of Moringa oleifera Lamarck, starting with its seedpods (ripe fruits), in energetic application. The oil obtained from the grains by mechanical pressing had an average yield of 11.36% and of 36.48% by hexane extraction. The moringa biomasses presented water content between 0.06 and 10.86%, ash content between 0.07 and 5.61%, and calorific values between 15.87 and 37.53 MJ/kg, being suitable as renewable biofuels. The crude oils obtained (for mechanical pressing and for by solvent extraction) presented the results: saponification índex (180.55 and 179.38 mgKOH/g), iodine value (68.93 and 70.71 g I2/100g), acidity index (8.85 and 20.54 mg KOH/g), peroxide índex (3.34 and 5.42 meq O2/kg), water content (876.6 and 632.0 mg/kg), turbidity (64.1 and 12.6 NTU), specific mass (909.5 and 907.2 kg/m3) and kinematic viscosity (43.6 and 39.1 mm2/s), respectivelly. The mixed crude oil (1:4) was refined in four steps: degumming, neutralization, washing and drying, and after purified, was characterised by turbidity, specific mass, kinematic viscosity and, especially, acidity index (0.25 mg KOH/g), peroxide index (not detected) and water content (630.2 mg/kg), adequate in feedstock of biodiesel (maxim of 0.5 mg KOH in acidity index and 1000 mg/kg in water content). The purified oil was converted to methylic biodiesel by homogeneous alkaline transesterification, molar ratio 1:6 (oil:methanol), at 60 °C for 1 hour with KOH as catalyst and mechanical stirring at 300 rpm. The purified biodiesel presented specific mass of 889 kg/m3 (20 oC), kinematic viscosity of 5.5 m2/s (40 oC), ester content of 86.2% and 98.23% (in microscale, ratifying the viability of the method of production), acidity index of 0.43 mg KOH/g and water content of 615.8 mg/kg. The solid moringa biomasses (seeds, cakes and the seed husks) show high potential for the production of briquettes or ecological firewood due to their adequate lower calorific value (between 15.87 and 23.31 MJ/kg) and simple and accessible technological production. The results show that moringa is an easily exploitable plant for sustainable energy, especially its seedpods and seeds

This thesis attempts to describe the role of the British Admiralty&rsquo / s oil related naval policies from 1909 to 1914 in the formation of British oil diplomacy in the northern hinterlands of the Persian Gulf. On the basis of this attempt, it examines the precise beginning of oil security concerns of Britain and its articulation on the southwest Persian and Mesopotamian oil basins in light of the transition of the Royal Navy from coal to oil burning internal combustion engines. It delineates the interconnectedness of the issues relating to the significance of oil in British naval developments and naval supremacy and her clash of interests with the other Great Naval Powers, which had significant interest in oil rich Mesopotamia and southern Persia. By 1914, the Admiralty, through its exceptional relations with the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in the hinterlands of the Persian Gulf became an important actor in the government&rsquo / s involvement in the oil industry. This thesis, suggests that the Admiralty was the political demand channel in the processes of British imperial expansion under the spread of new imperialism in general, and in the consolidation of fuel oil security in particular. The study will be a contribution to the academic literature on the history of naval powers in Turkey.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PatriciaRFC_DISSERT.pdf: 3052706 bytes, checksum: 187fb21e02f9cda7fb573aba65cc8c25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-06 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / A polui??o das ?guas decorrentes do contato com os derivados de petr?leo em postos de combust?vel tem se apresentado como um problema agravante. Cada vez mais estudos relacionam problemas ambientais com essas situa??es e procuram propor algumas solu??es para o tratamento das ?guas e solos que s?o contaminados pelos compostos org?nicos: benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos - BTEX, TPH e HPA S presentes nesses derivados de petr?leo. As t?cnicas eletroqu?micas vem tomando lugar de destaque nesse cen?rio, pela sua efici?ncia, baixo custo e por n?o gerar res?duos. O presente trabalho visa caracterizar o efluente proveniente de caixas separadoras de ?gua e ?leo de postos de combust?veis, bem como analisar a efici?ncia de remo??o de compostos org?nicos com diferentes tipos de pares de eletrodos sendo eles: Ti/Pt e Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5a fim de comprovar, qual par de eletrodo desempenham melhor essa fun??o. As an?lises de Carbono Org?nico Total (COT), Demanda Qu?mica de Oxig?nio (DQO), Cromatografia Gasosa (CG) e Teor de ?leos e Graxas (TOG), na amostra de ?gua coletada na sa?da caixa separadora confirmou a presen?a de compostos org?nicos em altas concentra??es no efluente, bem como comprovou a remo??o dos mesmo ap?s as 4 horas de tratamento com varia??es de corrente de 10,20,30 mA/cm2 efetuadas nesse trabalho, foi poss?vel constatar em alguns casos remo??o superiores a 99,36%

The thesis deals with the analysis of the oil industry in Sudan and South Sudan in the 21st century. The first part follows up the role of oil in the African continent; the history of oil production, the rest is devoted to a more detailed analysis of the oil sector in Sudan or South Sudan after 2011. Then the characteristics of future scenarios are realized. The scenarios are affected by the civil war in the South Sudan and border disputes between the North and the South.

In dieser Arbeit wurden Angebotskurven für 22 bedeutende Ölförderländer ermittelt und anschließend zu globalen Angebotskurven aggregiert. Gemäß den ermittelten Angebotskurven sind nahezu alle gegenwärtig in der Förderphase befindlichen Ölprojekte in den Untersuchungsländern auch beim aktuellen Ölpreis von 35 bis 40 US-$ je Barrel unter Berücksichtigung der kurzfristigen Grenzkosten rentabel. Sollte der Ölpreis jedoch in den kommenden Jahren auf diesem Niveau verharren, wird es bis zum Jahr 2024 zu einem Angebotsengpass auf dem globalen Ölmarkt kommen, da zur Deckung der zukünftigen Nachfrage die Erschließung kostenintensiver, unkonventioneller Lagerstätten und von Lagerstätten in tiefen und sehr tiefen Gewässern notwendig ist. Damit es bis zum Jahr 2024 nicht zu einem solchen Angebotsengpass kommt, ist gemäß des ermittelten langfristigen Marktgleichgewichts ein Ölpreis von mindestens 80 (2014er) US-$ je Barrel notwendig.:1. Einleitung 2. Rohöl - Eine naturwissenschaftliche Einführung 3. Charakteristika von Rohölprojekten 4. Historie der Ölindustrie 5. Ökonomik von Rohölprojekten 6. Fallstudien zu den bedeutendsten Förderländern 7. Ermittlung regionaler und globaler Angebotskurven 8. Zusammenfassung