The effects of fermentation on selected nutrients in the seed of the African locust-bean were investigated. The protein content of the seeds declined from 50.1% of dry weight in the unfermented sample to 32.4% of dry weight in the fully fermented sample. Methionine, cystine, and tryptophan were the limiting amino acids in the African locust-bean seed protein: the pattern of other essential amino acids was comparable to that of whole egg. Fermentation was accompanied by a decrease in seven essential amino acids. The riboflavin content of the seeds rose from 144.0 ug per 100 gm dry weight in the unfermented sample to 835.3 ug per 100 gm dry weight in the fully fermented sample. Thiamin content also increased with fermentation, from 31.3 up per 100 gm dry weight in the unfermented sample to 99.0 ug in the partially fermented sample; the thiamin content decreased with extended fermentation. Thus, fermentation enhanced both the riboflavin and thiamin content of the African locust-bean seed. Although there was some deterioration in protein quantity and quality, the fermented seed contains sufficient amounts of essential amino acids to supplement those provided by the staple cereal grains, if eaten in adequate amounts. / Graduation date: 1978

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Concerns about Vermont‘s dairy farm viability, greenhouse gas emissions, and reliance on fossil fuels have prompted growing interest in the production of biodiesel and oilseed meal from Vermont-grown oilseed crops. The idea is that Vermont farmers could grow and harvest oilseed crops; the seed or beans could be pressed into vegetable oil and oilseed meal; and the oil could be processed into biodiesel, thereby producing both liquid biofuel and protein meal for livestock from Vermont crops. Results from this study indicate that oil, meal, and biodiesel production from sunflowers grown in Vermont is technically feasible, and may be economically feasible at both the farm and commercial scales, depending on scale and market conditions. Farmers, entrepreneurs, and policymakers are intrigued by the potential to decrease Vermont‘s dependency on imported fuels and feed, reduce farms‘ production costs, realize local economic benefits from import substitution, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Despite the promise of ―Vermont-made‖ biodiesel and oilseed meal, however, it remains largely an unproven concept. Production of oilseed crops is relatively rare in Vermont, especially in quantities sufficient for biodiesel or livestock meal production. The equipment, capital, acreage, and expertise needed to successfully grow, harvest, and process these crops have not been identified, and the economic feasibility, optimal scale, and environmental and macroeconomic impacts of these new enterprises in Vermont is unknown. This study investigates the technical and economic feasibility of producing biodiesel and livestock feed from Vermont oilseeds at a farm scale and a commercial scale. Technical feasibility at the farm scale is assessed using data from two Vermont farms. Enterprise budgets are used to assess the economic feasibility and profitability of the crop, oil and meal, and biodiesel enterprises individually and as a whole under two sets of market conditions. Economic feasibility and environmental and economic impacts of a commercial-scale biodiesel facility in Vermont are assessed using a simulation model. None of the farm-scale enterprises were profitable as budgeted in this analysis, although the commercial-scale plant was more profitable as crude oil prices rose. The most promising enterprise at the farm scale appears to be oil and meal production. This study prompts additional questions regarding the extent to which Vermont crop production should shift to include oilseeds for biodiesel production, the net energy return to the farm, and lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from on-farm production.