Les mandats incluant la protection de populations civiles font-ils naître des obligations dont la violation serait susceptible de générer une responsabilité internationale ?Les OMP dotées de ce type de mandat dit « robuste » doivent-elles respecter les règles du jus ad bellum et du jus in bello durant l’exécution de leur mandat ?À quelle entité internationale, Nations Unies et/ou États fournisseurs, faut-il attribuer la responsabilité en cas de violation du mandat (défaut d'accomplissement du mandat et/ou de dépassement de celui-ci) ou des obligations internationales de la part des OMP dotées de mandat « robuste » étant donné qu’elles sont formées de contingents militaires dépendant, au plan fonctionnel, des Nations Unies et, au plan hiérarchique, des pays d’appartenance ?Dans la présente thèse, après avoir analysé le fondement juridique, les caractéristiques et la structure de commandement des opérations de maintien de la paix ainsi que l’évolution historique du mandat quant à la protection de la population civile, nous avons tenté de répondre à ces questions en démontrant que, même si la protection des civils en danger est une marque distinctive des OMP dotées d’un mandat robuste et, donc, une des conditions légitimant l’emploi de la force, l’usage de la force doit être considérée comme une option laissée au pouvoir discrétionnaire des opérations de maintien de la paix qui, normalement, préfèrent adopter des mesures de prévention et d’atténuation pour protéger la population civile.En cas d’intervention, les OMP doivent respecter les principes de nécessité et proportionnalité de la légitime défense (jus ad bellum) auxquels s’ajoutent les obligations découlant des normes pour la protection des droits de l’homme et des principes du droit international humanitaire lorsque les Forces des Nations Unies « participent activement à des combats » (jus in bello). À la lumière de ces considérations, on démontrera l’illégitimité, au plan du jus ad bellum et du jus in bello, de l’opération militaire de l’ONUCI qui, le 11 avril 2011, en Côte d’Ivoire a conduit à l’arrestation du président Laurent Gbagbo. Elle constitue un cas d’étude intéressant, puisqu’il s’agit d’un épisode exceptionnel qui n’a pas d’équivalent dans d’autres opérations conduites par les OMP dotées de mandat « robuste ».Enfin, compte tenu de la double dépendance des contingents militaires, qui relèvent fonctionnellement de la chaîne de commandement des Nations Unies et hiérarchiquement de l’État d’envoi, et vu les pouvoirs dont ces entités disposent sur ces forces et l’influence qu’elles exercent sur les processus de décision de leurs contingents, on démontrera que la responsabilité pour fait illicite commis par une OMP dotée de mandat robuste pourra être attribuée, selon le cas, aux Nations Unies, aux États fournisseurs ou bien à ces deux entités conjointement. / Doctorat en Sciences juridiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

No description available.

Leiognathid fish (Perciformes: Leiognathidae) contain 17 species in Taiwan in three genera: Gaza, Leiognathus, and Secutor. Leiognathid fish form mutualistic bio- luminescent symbiosis with the luminous bacteria Photobacterium leiognathi and have developed a specialized light organ to harbor bacteria and other structures to control light emission. The ecological dependence of leiognathid fish to its symbiont for light production and the specialized adaptations suggest that there co-evolution might have taken place. A single symbiont species were thought to be harbored in the light organ of leiognathid fishes. However, different oxygen rates, light production, and cell morphology have been observed in bacteria culturing during previous studies. To investigate the co-evolutionary interaction between P. leiognathi and leiognathid species, I examined the 2-DE patterns of the outer membrane protein (OMP) of symbiotic bacteria from specimens of five leiognathid species; OMPs have been proposed to be essential in symbiotic interaction. The 2-DE results of the P. leiognathi OMP pattern from five leiognathid species displayed intra-specific similarity, when inter-specific differences also exist. Intra-specific consistence revealed five proteins that are essential in the symbiotic interaction. Spot differences between various leiognathid species have shown that closely related species have significant protein spots which may have effect on speciation. In Secutor ruconius absence of the protein responsible for motility might result the difficulty on bacteria culturing. Intra-specific similarity excludes the possible of individual differentiation, and the inter-specific differences of bacterial OMP suggested that P. leiognathi in various leiognathid species might have developed various OMPs to adapt to different host species.

This thesis reports the characterisation of a novel outer membrane protein (OMP) from M. catarrhalis, designated M35, with a molecular mass of 36.1 kDa. This protein is structurally homologous to classic Gram-negative porins, such as OMP C from E. coli and OMP K36 from K. pneumoniae, with a predicted structure of 8 surface loops connecting 16 antiparallel -sheets. Comparison of the DNA sequences of the M35 genes from 18 diverse clinical isolates showed that the gene was highly conserved (99.6-100 % of nucleotides) with only one isolate (ID78LN266) having base variations that resulted in amino acid substitutions. A single amino acid mutation in the 3rd external loop of M35 in isolate ID78LN266 significantly affected antibody recognition, indicating that loop 3 contains an immunodominant B-cell epitope. The reduction in antibody-binding to M35 from ID78LN266 was similar to that caused by complete removal of loop 3. Since loop 3 folds into the porin channel in the classic structure, the antibody specificity to loop 3 was hypothesised to be a potential mechanism for evasion of host immune responses targeted to M35, potentially explaining the high degree of conservation across isolates. A series of recombinant proteins were constructed to analyse the binding to M35 of antibodies specificity for loop 3 or the remainder of the protein. It was found that loop 3- specific antibodies were not able to bind to M35 on the surface of M. catarrhalis and that this corresponds both with a lack of ability to enhance opsonophagocytosis in vitro and bacterial clearance in vivo. Additionally, antibodies raised against a version of M35 lacking loop 3 and M35 from the variant isolate ID78LN266 were both no less effective than the full consensus M35 by both these measures. It therefore appears that while the majority of antibodies raised against M35 are specific for loop 3 these antibodies do not mediate anti-M. catarrhalis actions. Two deletion mutant strains of M. catarrhalis that do not contain the outer membrane protein M35 were created by insertional inactivation of the M35 gene. Growth comparisons between these mutant strains and their wildtype parent strains initially led to the hypothesis that M35 is necessary for efficient glutamic acid uptake by M. catarrhalis, however this hypothesis was later shown to be incorrect. Efficient uptake of glutamic acid seemed to be mediated by a novel 40 kDa protein that was up-regulated in the deletion mutant strains, presumably to compensate for the lack of M35. M35 was also found to be essential for in vivo survival of M. catarrhalis in the nasal cavities of mice, indicating that it is an essential functional protein for colonisation of the mucosal surface.

It has only recently become possible to study the dynamics of large time scale biological processes computationally in explicit solvent and atomic detail. This required a combination of advances in computer hardware, utilization of parallel and special purpose hardware as well as numerical and theoretical approaches. In this work we report advances in these areas contributing to the feasibility of a work of this scope in a reasonable time. We then make use of them to study an interesting model system, the action of the DNA bending protein 1IHF and demonstrate such an effort can now be performed on GPU equipped PC workstations. Many cellular processes require DNA bending. In the crowded compartment of the cell, DNA must be efficiently stored but this is just one example where bending is observed. Other examples include the effects of DNA structural features involved in transcription, gene regulation and recombination. 1IHF is a bacterial protein that binds and kinks DNA at sequence specific sites. The 1IHF binding to DNA is the cause or effect of bending of the double helix by almost 180 degrees. Most sequence specific DNA binding proteins bind in the major groove of the DNA and sequence specificity results from direct readout. 1IHF is an exception; it binds in the minor groove. The final structure of the binding/bending reaction was crystallized and shows the protein arm like features "latched" in place wrapping the DNA in the minor grooves and intercalating the tips between base pairs at the kink sites. This sequence specific, mostly indirect readout protein-DNA binding/bending interaction is therefore an interesting test case to study the mechanism of protein DNA binding and bending in general. Kinetic schemes have been proposed and numerous experimental studies have been carried out to validate these schemes. Experiments have included rapid kinetics laser T jump studies providing unprecedented temporal resolution and time resolved (quench flow) DNA foot-printing. Here we complement and add to those studies by investigating the mechanism and dynamics of the final latching/initial unlatching at an atomic level. This is accomplished with the computational tools of molecular dynamics and the theory of Milestoning. Our investigation begins by generating a reaction coordinate from the crystal structure of the DNA-protein complex and other images generated through modelling based on biochemical intuition. The initial path is generated by steepest descent minimization providing us with over 100 anchor images along the Steepest Descent Path (SDP) reaction coordinate. We then use the tools of Milestoning to sample hypersurfaces (milestones) between reaction coordinate anchors. Launching multiple trajectories from each milestone allowed us to accumulate average passage times to adjacent milestones and obtain transition probabilities. A complete set of rates was obtained this way allowing us to draw important conclusions about the mechanism of DNA bending. We uncover two possible metastable intermediates in the dissociation unkinking process. The first is an unexpected stable intermediate formed by initial unlatching of the IHF arms accompanied by a complete "psi-0" to "psi+140" conformational change of the IHF arm tip prolines. This unlatching (de-intercalation of the IHF tips from the kink sites) is required for any unkinking to occur. The second intermediate is formed by the IHF protein arms sliding over the DNA phosphate backbone and refolding in the next groove. The formation of this intermediate occurs on the millisecond timescale which is within experimental unkinking rate results. We show that our code optimization and parallelization enhancements allow the entire computational process of these millisecond timescale events in about one month on 10 or less GPU equipped workstations/cluster nodes bringing these studies within reach of researchers that do not have access to supercomputer clusters. / text

Η παρούσα εργασία χωρίζεται σε δύο μέρη. Στο πρώτο μέρος μελετάμε το αντικείμενο της Συμπιεσμένης καταγραφής. Το κείμενο εστιάζει στα βασικότερα σημεία της θεωρίας γύρω από την ανακατασκευή αραιών σημάτων από λίγες μετρήσεις, ενώ γίνεται και μία ανασκόπηση των τεχνικών ανακατασκευής. Στο δεύτερο μέρος παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα της ερευνητικής προσπάθειας γύρω από συγκεκριμένα προβλήματα ανακατασκευής. / -

IntroduÃÃo: Os estados reacionais da hansenÃase, classificados como tipo 1 (reaÃÃo reversa - RR) e tipo 2 (Eritema Nodoso HansÃnico â ENH) e neurite isolada, levam ao risco potencial de desenvolver incapacidades e deformidades antes, durante o tratamento e apÃs a alta. Necessitam diagnÃstico precoce e tratamento adequado. Este estudo justifica-se pela escassez de estudos sobre ocorrÃncia, seguimento e fatores associados aos episÃdios reacionais apÃs a alta do tratamento especÃfico, bem como o desconhecimento dos problemas enfrentados do diagnÃstico, ao manejo terapÃutico, sob a perspectiva das pessoas com reaÃÃes hansÃnicas. MÃtodos: estudo transversal, a partir da populaÃÃo alvo identificada, consistindo de avaliaÃÃo neurolÃgica simplificada, exame dermato-neurolÃgico e entrevista individual (Projeto MAPATOPI). Foram incluÃdos cinco municÃpios em Ãreas do cluster: AraguaÃna (TO), Floriano (PI), Bacabal e Caxias (MA) e Marabà (PA). A populaÃÃo alvo consistiu de todos os indivÃduos que apresentaram reaÃÃes hansÃnicas, em pÃs-alta do tratamento poliquimioterÃpico, residentes e acompanhados nos serviÃos de saÃde no perÃodo de 2007 a 2009, independente da data de inicio de tratamento. Utilizou-se a comparaÃÃo do escore OMP (olho-mÃo-pÃ) ou EHF (Eyes-Hand-Foot) do diagnÃstico com o atual. Outro desfecho binÃrio utilizado foi analisar a presenÃa de incapacidade 0-1 no escore OMP atual. Na anÃlise binÃria utilizou-se o teste chi quadrado de Pearson. Naquelas associaÃÃes onde o valor esperado era menor que cinco utilizou-se o teste exato de Fischer. Resultados: foram incluÃdos 280 pacientes. 190 (67,9%) eram do sexo masculino. A idade mÃnima de 8 a 85 anos, com media de 46,5 anos. Seis eram menores de 15 anos e cinco entre 15 e 17 anos. A renda mÃdia por mÃs foi de R$ 1077,00 com valores entre R$ 60,00 e R$ 6.000,00 reais. Mais de noventa por cento residia na zona urbana. Quanto à escolaridade 53 (18,9%) eram analfabetos e 53,6% tinham o primeiro grau incompleto. No total 45 (16,1%) foram classificados como PB e 232 (83,7%) foram classificados como MB. A forma clÃnica predominante foi a dimorfa com 115(41,1%), seguida da virchowiana 82 (29,6%). A reaÃÃo tipo 1 estava presente em 104 (37,1%), tipo 2 (18,6%), a neurite isolada (13,9%). A neurite associada foi encontrada em 51,9% dos pacientes com tipo 2. A quantidade de episÃdios reacionais variou de um atà seis episÃdios. Um episÃdio foi desenvolvido por 215 (77,3%). O primeiro episÃdio ocorreu durante o tratamento para 121 (43,2%), seguido, em frequÃncia de ocorrÃncia, em pacientes pÃs-alta. O escore OMP (EHF) no diagnÃstico variou de 0 a 11 e na avaliaÃÃo atual, de 0 a 10, com maior distribuiÃÃo no intervalo entre 1 a 4. Quanto à piora do escore OMP 88/198 (44,4%) pioraram. Entre as variÃveis sÃcio-demogrÃficas, o risco de piora foi associado a: ser analfabeto (RP= 1, 64; IC de 95% 1,21 â 2,21; p=0,003), viÃvo (RP= 1,98; IC de 95% 1,20 â 3,96, p=0,013). E como fator de proteÃÃo ter segundo grau de escolaridade (RP= 0,4; IC de 95% 0,23 â 0,71 p=0,000). Quanto à piora do OMP associada a variÃveis clÃnicas, a forma clÃnica dimorfa (RP= 3,71; IC de 95% 1,00 â 13,70; p=0,009), ter reaÃÃo durante a PQT (RP= 1, 70; IC de 95% 1,13 â 2,54 P=0,004), ter algum nervo espessado ((RP= 1, 78; IC de 95% 1,30 â 3,08; p=0,024). Quanto ao percurso atà o diagnÃstico, a autopercepÃÃo foi encontrada em 240 (85,8%), entre os sinais e sintomas 176 (62,9%) buscaram os serviÃos por dermatoses em geral. Na busca do diagnÃstico, a atenÃÃo primÃria foi a primeira entrada para 95 (34%) na rede de assistÃncia. As principais manifestaÃÃes de reaÃÃes citadas foram sinais dermatolÃgicos 115 (42%) e neurolÃgicos 97 (35,4%). No total, 206/280 (73,5%) responderam que a hanseniase trouxe mudanÃas, problemas e transtornos para a sua vida. Dentre as mudanÃas intrapessoais, as alteraÃÃes fÃsicas tiveram papel importante para 129 (62,6%) participantes. Essas alteraÃÃes levaram a limitaÃÃes do seu desempenho no trabalho e renda, seguindo do comprometimento das atividades de vida diÃria. ConclusÃes: EpisÃdios reacionais agravam o comprometimento fÃsico, psico-social de participaÃÃo social e comprometem o trabalho e a realizaÃÃo das atividades de vida diÃria. à necessÃrio foco na qualidade de vida dos indivÃduos no pÃs-alta, principalmente entre aqueles com incapacidades fÃsicas instaladas. O escore OMP à um importante instrumento para detectar a progressÃo das incapacidades fÃsicas e deve ser utilizado no diagnÃstico, alta e durante os episÃdios reacionais em todos os pacientes. Os serviÃos de atenÃÃo primÃria e secundÃria dos municÃpios envolvidos necessitam melhorar o acompanhamento aos indivÃduos no perÃodo pÃs-alta, nÃo apenas para aqueles indivÃduos com incapacidades jà instaladas (grau um e dois), mas tambÃm naqueles que nÃo apresentaram incapacidades no momento da alta. EvidÃncias apontaram a necessidade do empoderamento das pessoas afetadas pela hansenÃase em lidar eficazmente com os sinais e sintomas de reaÃÃes apÃs a PQT. Sugere-se instituir um sistema de monitoramento e vigilÃncia dos estados reacionais por um perÃodo mÃnimo de seis meses atà cinco anos apÃs a alta, considerando a existÃncia de grupos de pacientes onde o comprometimento neurolÃgico ocorre lenta e silenciosamente, com possibilidade de danos nÃo sà fÃsicos, mas psicossociais. / Introduction: Leprosy reactions are classified as type 1 (reversal reaction - RR), type 2 (Erythema Nodosum Leprosum - ENL) and pure neuritis. These lead to a potential risk of developing disabilities and deformities before and during anti-leprosy treatment as well as after release from treatment (RFT). Reactions must be diagnosed early and treated effectively. This research is justified by the scarcity of studies on the occurrence of reactions, monitoring practices of patients and factors associated with reaction episodes after RFT. We know little about existing diagnostic problems, about case management from the perspective of the affected persons with reactions.Methods: Transversal study design, consisting of a simplified neurological examination, a dermato-neurological examination and interviews of the defined target group. Five municipalities were included in the cluster areas: Araguaina (Tocantins), Floriano (PiauÃ), Bacabal and Caxias (MaranhÃo) and Marabà (ParÃ). The target population consisted of all resident individuals with leprosy reactions after being released from multidrug therapy, who presented themselves to the health services in the period 2007 to 2009, regardless of the date of start of treatment. We compared the EHF (eye-hand-foot) scores at diagnosis and during the respondentsâ examinations. In another analysis we compared the presence of disability scores (0-1) to the current EHF scores. In the analysis we used the Chi square test and for those associations where the expected value was less than 5 we used Fischerâs exact test. Results: A total of 280 patients were included in the study. Of those, 190 (67.9%) were male. The ages ranged from 8 to 85 years, with a mean of 46.5 years. Six patients were under 15 years and five aged between 15 and 17 years. The average monthly income of the respondents was R$ 1,077.00 (around â400) with values between R$ 60 (â22) and R$ 6,000 (â2200). More than ninety per cent lived in urban areas. As for education, 53 persons (18.9%) were illiterate and 53.6% had an incomplete primary education. In total 45 patients (16.1%) were classified as PB and 232 (83.7%) were classified as MB. The predominant clinical form (Madrid classification) was dimorphous in 115 (41.1%) cases, followed by 82 lepromatous forms (29.6%). Type 1 reaction was present in 104 patients (37.1%), type 2 reactions in 18.6% of cases and pure neuritis in 13.9%. An associated neuritis was found in 51.9% of patients with type 2 reactions. The frequency of reaction episodes ranged from one to six. One episode only was developed by 215 patients (77.3%). The first episode occurred during anti-leprosy treatment for 121 patients (43.2%), followed in frequency of occurrence by patients after RFT. The EHF score at the time of diagnosis ranged from 0 to 11. At the time of the examination the EHF score range was 0-10, with a predominance of scores between 1 and 4. In 88 out of 198 patients (44.4%) their scores worsened. The risk of worsening was associated with the following socio-demographic variables: being illiterate (PR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.21 - 2.21, p = 0.003), being widower (PR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.20 - 3.96, p = 0.013). A protective factor was found: having completed secondary school education (PR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.23 - 0.71 p = 0.000). Worsening of the EHF scores was associated with borderline leprosy (PR = 3.71, 95% CI: 1.00 - 13.70, p = 0.009), having had a reaction during MDT (PR = 1, 70; 95% CI 1.13 to 2.54 P = 0.004), and the presence of a thickened nerve (PR = 1, 78, 95% CI: 1.30 - 3.08 p = 0.024). In the patientsâ health seeking behaviour towards diagnosis, self-perception of symptoms was reported by 240 respondents (85.8%). Dermatological symptoms were the main complaint, in 176 (62.9%) cases. Primary health care services were the first point of entry for 95 patients (34%). The main reaction symptoms mentioned were of dermatological nature, in 115 (42%) cases Neurological complaints were mentioned by 97 (35.4%) respondents. In total, 206 out of the 280 patients (73, 5%) responded that leprosy brought about changes, problems and troubles in their lives. Among the intrapersonal changes, physical changes played an important role for 129 (62.6%) participants. These changes led to limitations in work performance and income, as well as causing restrictions in activities of daily living. Conclusions: Episodes of reactions worsen physical and psycho-social impairments, reduce social participation, cause problems at work and hamper activities of daily living. It is necessary to focus on the quality of life of individuals after RFT, especially among those with already established physical disabilities. The EHF score is an important tool to detect the progression of physical disability. The tool should be used in the diagnostic procedure, at the time of RFT and during reactions for all patients. Primary health care services and reference centres in the municipalities involved need to improve monitoring persons after RFT. Improved monitoring is needed not just in those patients with existing disabilities (DG1 and DG2), but also for those without disability present at discharge. Evidence indicates the need for empowerment of people affected by leprosy to deal effectively with the signs and symptoms of reaction after MDT. It is suggested to establish a system for monitoring and surveillance of reactions for a period of minimally six months up to five years after RFT. This surveillance is especially important considering that patients may develop neurological impairment gradually and without presenting symptoms, with the subsequent possibility of physical and psycho-social harm.

This report is a master thesis, written by an engineering physics and electrical engineering student at Luleå University of Technology.The desires of this project was to remove dislocations from wrapped phase maps using sparse reconstructive methods. Dislocations is an error that can appear in phase maps due to improper filtering or inadequate sampling. Dislocations makes it impossible to correctly unwrap the phasemap.The report contains a mathematical description of a sparse reconstructive method. The sparse reconstructive method is based on KSVDbox which was created by R. Rubinstein and is free for download and use. The KSVDbox is a MATLAB implementation of a dictionary learning algorithm called K-SVD with Orthogonal Matching Pursuit and a sparse reconstructive algorithm. A guide for adapting the toolbox for inpainting is included, with a couple of examples on natural images which supports the suggested adaptation. For experimental purposes a set of simulated wrapped phase maps with and without disloca-tions were created. These simulated phase maps are based on work by P. Picart. The MATLAB implementation that was used to generate these test images can be found in the appendix of this report such that they can easily be generated by anyone who has the interest to do so. Finally the report leads to an outline of five different experiments that was designed to test the KSVDbox for the processing of dislocations. Each one of these experiments uses a different dictionary. These experiments are due to inpainting with, 1. A dictionary based on Discrete Cosine Transform. 2. An adaptive dictionary, where the dictionary learning algorithm has been shown what thearea in the phase map that was damaged by dislocations should look like. 3. An adaptive dictionary, where the dictionary learning algorithm has been allowed to trainon the phase map that with damages. This is done such that areas with dislocations areignored. 4. An adaptive dictionary, where training is done on a separate image that has been designedto contain general phase patterns. 5. An adaptive dictionary, that results from concatenating the dictionaries used in experiment 3 and 4. The first three experiments are complimented with experiments done on a natural image for comparison purposes.The results show that sparse reconstructive methods, when using the scheme used in this work, is unsuitable for processing of dislocations in phase maps. This is most likely because the reconstructive method has difficulties in acquiring a high contrast reconstruction and there is nothing in the algorithm that causes the inpainting from any direction to match with the inpainting from other directions.

This diploma thesis discusses methods of dictionary learning to inpaint missing sections in the audio signal. There was theoretically analyzed and practically used algorithms K-SVD and INK-SVD for dictionary learning. These dictionaries have been applied to the reconstruction of audio signals using OMP (Orthogonal Matching Pursuit). Furthermore, there was proposed an algorithm for selecting the stationary segments and their subsequent use as training data for K-SVD and INK-SVD. In the practical part of thesis have been observed efficiency with training set selection from whole signal compared with algorithm for stationary segmentation used. The influence of mutual coherence on the quality of reconstruction with incoherent dictionary was also studied. With created scripts for multiple testing in Matlab, there was performed comparison of these methods on genre distinct songs.

Le concept du radar MIMO est prometteur en raison des nombreux avantages qu'il apporte par rapport aux architectures radars actuelles : flexibilité pour la formation de faisceau à l'émission - large illumination de la scène et résolution fine après traitement - et allègement de la complexité des systèmes, via la réduction du nombre d'antennes et la possibilité de transférer des fonctions de contrôle et d'étalonnage du système dans le domaine numérique. Cependant, le radar MIMO reste au stade du concept théorique, avec une prise en compte insuffisante des impacts du manque d'orthogonalité des formes d'onde et des défauts matériels.Ce travail de thèse, dans son ambition de contribuer à ouvrir la voie vers le radar MIMO opérationnel, consiste à anticiper et compenser les défauts du monde réel par des traitements numériques. La première partie traite de l'élaboration des formes d'onde MIMO. Nous montrons que les codes de phase sont optimaux en termes de résolution spatiale. Nous présentons également leurs limites en termes d'apparition de lobes secondaires en sortie de filtre adapté. La seconde partie consiste à accepter les défauts intrinsèques des formes d'onde et proposer des traitements adaptés au modèle de signal permettant d'éliminer les lobes secondaires résiduels induits. Nous développons une extension de l'Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) qui satisfait les conditions opérationnelles, notamment par sa robustesse aux erreurs de localisation, sa faible complexité calculatoire et la non nécessité de données d'apprentissage. La troisième partie traite de la robustesse des traitements vis-à-vis des écarts au modèle de signal, et particulièrement la prévention et l'anticipation de ces phénomènes afin d'éviter des dégradations de performance. En particulier, nous proposons une méthode numérique d'étalonnage des phases des émetteurs. La dernière partie consiste à mener des expérimentations en conditions réelles avec la plateforme radar MIMO Hycam. Nous montrons que certaines distorsions subies non anticipées, même limitées en sortie de filtre adapté, peuvent impacter fortement les performances en détection des traitements dépendant du modèle de signal. / The MIMO radar concept promises numerous advantages compared to today's radar architectures: flexibility for the transmitting beampattern design - including wide scene illumination and fine resolution after processing - and system complexity reduction, through the use of less antennas and the possibility to transfer system control and calibration to the digital domain. However, the MIMO radar is still at the stage of theoretical concept, with insufficient consideration for the impacts of waveforms' lack of orthogonality and system hardware imperfections.The ambition of this thesis is to contribute to paving the way to the operational MIMO radar. In this perspective, this thesis work consists in anticipating and compensating the imperfections of the real world with processing techniques. The first part deals with MIMO waveform design and we show that phase code waveforms are optimal in terms of spatial resolution. We also exhibit their limits in terms of sidelobes appearance at matched filter output. The second part consists in taking on the waveform intrinsic imperfections and proposing data-dependent processing schemes for the rejection of the induced residual sidelobes. We develop an extension for the Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) that satisfies operational requirements, especially localization error robustness, low computation complexity, and nonnecessity of training data. The third part deals with processing robustness to signal model mismatch, especially how it can be prevented or anticipated to avoid performance degradation. In particular, we propose a digital method of transmitter phase calibration. The last part consists in carrying out experiments in real conditions with the Hycam MIMO radar testbed. We exhibit that some unanticipated encountered distortions, even when limited at the matched filter output, can greatly impact the performance in detection of the data-dependent processing methods.