Este trabalho propõe uma avaliação quantitativa do efeito do desequilíbrio nos índices de operação do sistema de distribuição de energia elétrica. Os cenários apresentados contemplam os desequilíbrios existentes nos circuitos de média tensão e, também, os desequilíbrios na carga. Os desequilíbrios da rede consideram os efeitos da assimetria dos circuitos que provocam acoplamentos diferenciados entre os condutores. Para tanto, foram empregados dois sistemas, sendo um deles teórico e constituído por apenas um circuito e outro uma rede de distribuição padrão do IEEE. A primeira etapa da avaliação é realizada utilizando um modelo que reproduz um trecho fictício de linha de distribuição aérea trifásica com geometria e condutores típicos de redes de distribuição de energia de média tensão a cinco condutores, sendo um deles o condutor fictício de retorno pela terra. Os desequilíbrios de carga foram gerados aleatoriamente através do método de Monte Carlo, considerando variados índices de desequilíbrio. O desequilíbrio das correntes e as perdas do sistema foram determinados com o objetivo de quantificar o impacto das variações realizadas no trecho de linha. Para o sistema teste IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder, foram avaliados os erros decorrentes da consideração do acoplamento médio no cálculo das perdas de potência ativa e reativa, bem como os desequilíbrios de corrente, com o uso do software OpenDSS. Chega-se à conclusão de que o modelo que considera o acoplamento médio é capaz de determinar com muita fidelidade o desequilíbrio das correntes e das perdas para um circuito típico de distribuição em média tensão, não sendo necessária a representação exata das assimetrias dos condutores. / This Master Thesis proposes a quantitative evaluation of the effect of unbalance in the operational indexes of distribution networks. The scenarios comprehend the unbalance of medium voltage circuits and the unbalance in the load. The unbalances consider the effects of the asymmetry of circuits, that cause different couplings between the conductors. Therefore, two systems were implemented, one theoretical and the other a distribution network following the IEEE standard. The first stage of the evaluation is performed using a model that reproduces a fictitious section of a three-phase aerial distribution power line with five conductors considering earth return path, with geometry and typical conductors used in medium voltage energy distribution. The load unbalances were randomly produced using the Monte Carlo method, considering different unbalance rates. The current unbalance factor and the system losses were determined to quantify the impact of the variations in the line section. For the IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder system, the errors from considering the average coupling in the calculation of active and reactive power losses were evaluated, as well as the current unbalance factor. In conclusion, the model that considers the average coupling can successfully determine with a high degree of accuracy the imbalance of currents and the losses for a typical medium-voltage distribution circuit without the need of an exact representation of the asymmetries of the conductors.

abstract: An increase in the number of inverter-interfaced photovoltaic (PV) generators on existing distribution feeders affects the design, operation, and control of the distri- bution systems. Existing distribution system analysis tools are capable of supporting only snapshot and quasi-static analyses. Capturing the dynamic effects of the PV generators during the variation in the distribution system states is necessary when studying the effects of controller bandwidths, multiple voltage correction devices, and anti-islanding. This work explores the use of dynamic phasors and differential algebraic equations (DAE) for impact analysis of the PV generators on the existing distribution feeders. The voltage unbalance induced by PV generators can aggravate the existing unbalance due to load mismatch. An increased phase unbalance significantly adds to the neutral currents, excessive neutral to ground voltages and violate the standards for unbalance factor. The objective of this study is to analyze and quantify the impacts of unbalanced PV installations on a distribution feeder. Additionally, a power electronic converter solution is proposed to mitigate the identified impacts and validate the solution's effectiveness through detailed simulations in OpenDSS. The benefits associated with the use of energy storage systems for electric- utility-related applications are also studied. This research provides a generalized framework for strategic deployment of a lithium-ion based energy storage system to increase their benefits in a distribution feeder. A significant amount of work has been performed for a detailed characterization of the life cycle costs of an energy storage system. The objectives include - reduction of the substation transformer losses, reduction of the life cycle cost for an energy storage system, and accommodate the PV variability. The distribution feeder laterals in the distribution feeder with relatively high PV generation as compared to the load can be operated as microgrids to achieve reliability, power quality and economic benefits. However, the renewable resources are intermittent and stochastic in nature. A novel approach for sizing and scheduling the energy storage system and microtrubine is proposed for reliable operation of microgrids. The size and schedule of the energy storage system and microturbine are determined using Benders' decomposition, considering the PV generation as a stochastic resource. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2015

Submitted by Patrícia Cerveira (pcerveira1@gmail.com) on 2017-06-07T20:58:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IVAN MACHADO_Dissertação.pdf: 4344558 bytes, checksum: 054d635d2c21036a970f1a9ead057382 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-07-03T13:10:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 IVAN MACHADO_Dissertação.pdf: 4344558 bytes, checksum: 054d635d2c21036a970f1a9ead057382 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-03T13:10:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IVAN MACHADO_Dissertação.pdf: 4344558 bytes, checksum: 054d635d2c21036a970f1a9ead057382 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Atualmente diversos países tem posto em prática políticas para promover a Geração Distribuída (GD). No Brasil, a Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) publicou a Resolução 482/2012 a fim de estabelecer as condições gerais de acesso da geração distribuída à rede e o mecanismo de compensação para a energia gerada pelo consumidor. Entre as tecnologias de GD, a solar fotovoltaica desempenha um papel importante devido aos seus avanços, em conjunto com a redução dos custos de capital e subsídios. A incerteza da inserção de unidades de GD renováveis pode causar impactos no sistema de distribuição de energia e vários estudos têm sido realizados para analisar os problemas relacionados a penetração da GD fotovoltaica. No entanto, em geral, esses estudos consideram cenários de penetração gerados aleatoriamente ou com base em aspectos técnicos, independentemente das características econômicas dos clientes. Portanto, esse trabalho propõe uma metodologia para avaliar o impacto da GD no sistema de distribuição considerando cenários de adoção com base nos clientes. O estudo de um alimentador de distribuição real foi desenvolvido a partir de dados do Projeto “Cidade Inteligente Búzios”. A análise e a simulação desse sistema de distribuição foram realizadas através do software Open Distribution System Simulator (OpenDSS). / Nowadays, several countries are applying energy policies to promote Distributed Generation (DG). In Brazil, the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL) published the Normative Resolution 482/2012 in order to establish the general conditions for access of distributed generation for the grid and compensation mechanisms for the energy generated by the consumer. Among DG technologies, solar photovoltaic plays a major role due to advances in photovoltaic technology, combined with decreasing capital costs and subsidies. The uncertainty renewable DG integration may cause impact on distribution power system and several studies have been carried out to analyze grid integration issues associated with photovoltaic DG penetration. However, in general, these studies consider penetration scenarios randomly generated or based on technical aspects, regardless economic characteristics of customers. Therefore, this paper proposes a methodology to assess the impact of DG on distribution system considering customer adoption scenarios. The study of a real distribution feeder was developed from “Smart City Búzios” project database. The analysis and the distribution system simulation were performed with the Open Distribution System Simulator Software (OpenDSS).

abstract: The safety issue in an electrical power distribution system is of critical importance. In some circumstances, even the continuity of service has to be compromised for a situation that can cause a hazard to the public. A downed conductor that creates an electrical path between a current carrying conductor and ground pose a potential lethal hazard to anyone in the near proximity. Electric utilities have yet to find a fully accepted and reliable method for detecting downed conductors even with decades of research. With the entry of more automation and a smarter grid in the different layers of distribution power system supply, new doors are being opened and new feasible solutions are waiting to be explored. The 'big data' and the infrastructures that are readily accessible through the smart metering system is the base of the work and analysis performed in this thesis. In effect, the new technologies and new solutions are an artifact of the Smart Grid effort which has now reached worldwide dimensions. A solution to problems of overhead distribution conductor failures / faults that use simple methods and that are easy to implement using existing and future distribution management systems is presented. A European type distribution system using three phase supply is utilized as the test bed for the concepts presented. Fault analysis is performed on the primary and the secondary distribution system using the free downloadable software OpenDSS. The outcome is a set of rules that can be implemented either locally or central using a voltage based method. Utilized in the distribution management systems the operators will be given a powerful tool to make the correct action when a situation occurs. The test bed itself is taken from an actual system in Norway. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2014

No description available.