of the Doctoral Thesis Operadic Resolutions of Diagrams by Martin Doubek We study resolutions of the operad AC describing diagrams of a given shape C in the category of algebras of a given type A. We prove the conjecture by Markl on constructing the resolution out of resolutions of A and C, at least in a certain restricted setting. For associative algebras, we make explicit the cohomology theory for the diagrams and recover Gerstenhaber-Schack diagram cohomology. In general, we show that the operadic cohomology is Ext in the category of operadic modules. 1

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The main theme of this thesis is higher algebraic structures that come from operads and props. The first chapter is an introduction to the mathematical framework needed for the content of this thesis. The chapter does not contain any new results. The second chapter is concerned with the construction of a configuration space model for a particular 2-colored differential graded operad encoding the structure of two A∞ algebras with two A∞ morphisms and a homotopy between the morphisms. The cohomology of this operad is shown to be the well-known 2-colored operad encoding the structure of two associative algebras and of an associative algebra morphism between them. The third chapter is concerned with deformation quantization of (potentially) infinite dimensional (quasi-)Poisson manifolds. Our proof employs a variation on the transcendental methods pioneered by M. Kontsevich for the finite dimensional case. The first proof of the infinite dimensional case is due to B. Shoikhet. A key feature of the first proof is the construction of a universal L∞ structure on formal polyvector fields. Our contribution is a simplification of B. Shoikhet proof by considering a more natural configuration space and a simpler choice of propagator. The result is also put into a natural context of the dg Lie algebras coming from graph complexes; the L∞ structure is proved to come from a Maurer-Cartan element in the oriented graph complex. The fourth chapter also deals with deformation quantization of (quasi-)Poisson structures in the infinite dimensional setting. Unlike the previous chapter, the methods used here are purely algebraic. Our main theorem is the possibility to deformation quantize quasi-Poisson structures by only using perturbative methods; in contrast to the transcendental methods employed in the previous chapter. We give two proofs of the theorem via the theory of dg operads, dg properads and dg props. We show that there is a dg prop morphism from a prop governing star-products to a dg prop(erad) governing (quasi-)Poisson structures. This morphism gives a theorem about the existence of a deformation quantization of (quasi-)Poisson structure. The proof proceeds by giving an explicit deformation quantization of super-involutive Lie bialgebras and then lifting that to the dg properad governing quasi-Poisson structures. The prop governing star-products was first considered by S.A. Merkulov, but the properad governing quasi-Poisson structures is a new construction. The second proof of the theorem employs the Merkulov-Willwacher polydifferential functor to transfer the problem of finding a morphism of dg props to that of finding a morphism of dg operads.We construct an extension of the well known operad of A∞ algebras such that the representations of it in V are equivalent to an A∞ structure on V[[ħ]]. This new operad is also a minimal model of an operad that can be seen as the extension of the operad of associative algebras by a unary operation. We give an explicit map of operads from the extended associative operad to the operad we get when applying the Merkulov-Willwacher polydifferential functor to the properad of super-involutive Lie bialgebras. Lifting this map so as to go between their respective models gives a new proof of the main theorem.

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Cette thèse se situe dans le domaine de la combinatoire algébrique et porte sur la construction de plusieurs structures combinatoires et algébriques sur différentes espèces d'arbres. Après avoir défini un analogue du monoïde plaxique dont les classes d'équivalence sont indexées par les couples d'arbres binaires jumeaux, nous proposons un analogue de la correspondance de Robinson-Schensted dans ce contexte. À partir de ce monoïde, nous construisons une sous-algèbre de Hopf de l'algèbre de Hopf des fonctions quasi-symétriques libres dont les bases sont indexées par les couples d'arbres binaires jumeaux. Ensuite, nous proposons un foncteur combinatoire de la catégorie des monoïdes vers la catégorie des opérades ensemblistes. En utilisant ce foncteur, nous construisons plusieurs opérades qui mettent en jeu divers objets combinatoires. Par le biais d'une construction qui à une opérade associe une algèbre de Hopf non commutative, nous obtenons à partir de l'une des opérades obtenue par notre construction, une algèbre de Hopf basée sur les forêts ordonnées d'arbres plans enracinés. Nous proposons une réalisation polynomiale de cette dernière. Finalement, nous établissons certaines propriétés vérifiées par les arbres binaires équilibrés dans le treillis de Tamari. Nous montrons que l'ensemble des arbres binaires équilibrés y est clos par intervalle et que les intervalles d'arbres binaires équilibrés ont la forme d'hypercubes. Dans l'objectif de dénombrer ces intervalles, nous introduisons une nouvelle sorte de grammaires d'arbres, les grammaires synchrones. Celles-ci permettent d'obtenir une équation fonctionnelle de point fixe pour la série génératrice des arbres qu'elles engendrent / This thesis comes within the scope of algebraic combinatorics and deals with the construction of several combinatorial and algebraic structures on different tree species. After defining an analogue of the plactic monoid whose equivalence classes are indexed by pairs of twin binary trees, we propose in this context an analogue of the Robinson-Schensted correspondence. From this monoid, we construct a Hopf subalgebra of the Hopf algebra of free quasi-symmetric functions whose bases are indexed by pairs of twin binary trees.Then, we propose a combinatorial functor from the category of monoids to the category of set-operads. Using this functor, we construct several operads that involve various combinatorial objects. Through a construction that brings a noncommutative Hopf algebra from an operad, we obtain from one of the operads obtained by our construction, a Hopf algebra based on ordered forests of planar rooted trees. We propose a polynomial realization of the latter.Finally, we establish some properties satisfied by balanced binary trees in the Tamari lattice. We show that the set of balanced binary trees is closed by interval and that the intervals of balanced binary trees have the shape of hypercubes. To enumerate these intervals, we introduce a new kind of tree grammars, namely the synchronous grammars. They allow to obtain a fixed-point functional equation for the generating series of the generated trees

Nous étudions dans cette thèse l’algèbre de Hopf H associée à l’opérade pré-Lie. L’espace des éléments primitifs du dual gradué est muni d’une structure pré-Lie à gauche notée ⊲ définie par l’insertion d’un arbre dans un autre. Nous retrouvons la relation de dérivation entre le produit pré-Lie ⊲ et le produit pré-Lie de greffe → sur les éléments primitifs du dual gradué de l’algèbre de Hopf de Connes Kreimer HCK. Nous mettons en évidence un coproduit sur le produit tensoriel H ⊗HCK, qui en fait une algèbre de Hopf dont le dual gradué est isomorphe à l’algèbre enveloppante du produit semi-direct des deux algèbres de Lie considérées. Nous montrons que l’espace engendré par les arbres enracinés qui ont au moins une arête, muni du produit d’insertion, est une algèbre pré-Lie (non libre) engendrée par deux éléments. Nous mettons en évidence deux familles de relations. De plus nous montrons un résultat similaire pour l’algèbre pré-Lie associée à l’opérade NAP. Finalement on introduit les opérades à débit constant et on montre que l’opérade pré-Lie s’obtient comme déformation de l’opérade NAP dans ce cadre. / We investigate in this thesis the Hopf algebra structure on the vector space H spanned by the rooted forests, associated with the pre-Lie operad. The space of primitive elements of the graded dual of this Hopf algebra is endowed with a left pre-Lie product denoted by ⊲, defined in terms of insertion of a tree inside another. In this thesis we retrieve the “derivation” relation between the pre-Lie structure ⊲ and the left pre-Lie product → on the space of primitive elements of the graded dual H0CK of the Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra HCK, defined by grafting. We also exhibit a coproduct on the tensor product H⊗HCK, making it a Hopf algebra the graded dual of which is isomorphic to the enveloping algebra of the semidirect product of the two (pre-)Lie algebras considered. We prove that the span of the rooted trees with at least one edge endowed with the pre-Lie product ⊲ is generated by two elements. It is not free : we exhibit two families of relations. Moreover we prove a similar result for the pre-Lie algebra associated with the NAP operad. Finally, we introduce current preserving operads and prove that the pre-Lie operad can be obtained as a deformation of the NAP operad in this framework.