The main objective of the thesis is to implement different architectures of 16-bit adders such as; Ripple CarryAdder (RCA), Manchester Carry Chain Adder (MCCA) and Kogge Stone Adder (KSA), in 65nm CMOS technology and to study their performance in terms of power, operating frequency and speed at near threshold operating regions. The performance of these adders are evaluated and compared with each other and a final conclusion is made as to which adder structure is more suitable for implementation in a 65nmtechnology for low power applications. Several optimisation techniques are performed for the adders to reduce the delay and power consumption. Propagation delay is the most critical or essential parameter to be considered, hence, to minimise the delay of the adder, a technique called sizing and ordering are required for the transistors. The purpose of the thesis is to make a fair comparison among adders over several metrics which include linearity, delay and power. Simulation results of MCCA achieved a greater significant performance upon or over RCA and KSA, and proved it is the best suitable adder for low power applications.

The operating characteristics of small-wattage metal halide lamps (35W, 70W, and 150W) are investigated. Included are acoustic resonance, luminous efficacy, and electrical characteristics at steady state. A laboratory electronic ballast is built to operate metal halide lamps with square-wave currents in a frequency range from 50 Hz up to 50 kHz. The operating frequency, amplitude and dead-time can be adjusted independently. Experimental results show that the luminous efficiency decreases slightly as the operating frequency increases but deteriorates considerably as the lamp power is reduced. By examining the acoustic resonance spectra, it is found that the lamp arc instability is highly related to the dead-time of the inverter. The investigated results provide useful information for the design of the electronic ballasts.

L'émergence depuis ces dernières années de nouvelles capacités technologiques permettant la mise en œuvre de dispositifs d'agression électromagnétique, imposent d'étudier la faisabilité de ces potentielles Armes à Energie Dirigée ÉlectroMagnétiques (AED EM). Parmi les différentes briques technologiques qui composent ces systèmes, l'aérien est l'élément déterminant de la formation du faisceau d'ondes rayonnées et nécessite donc d'être évalué. C'est dans ce contexte que le Centre de Gramat du Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives s'est associé à la Direction Générale de l'Armement afin de proposer cette thèse réalisée en collaboration avec l'Institut d'Électronique et de Télécommunications de Rennes. Le sujet propose l'étude complète de trois solutions antennaires susceptibles d'être intégrées sur un système de type AED EM. Chaque type d'antenne répond à une problématique qui lui est propre : Il s'agit en premier lieu de réaliser une antenne fonctionnant à fréquence fixe et possédant un gain maximisé ; Dans un second temps l'étude est menée afin de concevoir et réaliser une antenne à diagramme de rayonnement variable dans un plan et stable dans l'autre plan ; Enfin une antenne large bande fonctionnant sur une octave est développée dans le but de maintenir un diagramme de rayonnement possédant des ouvertures à mi-puissance constantes. Chacune de ces études est gouvernée par deux contraintes difficiles que sont d'une part le maintien d'une tenue en puissance élevée (niveau injecté de l'ordre du kilowatt pulsé) et d'autre part un encombrement réduit en vue d'une intégration sur porteur par exemple. Chaque antenne est élaborée à l'aide d'un logiciel de calcul électromagnétique puis réalisée afin d'être validée expérimentalement. / It is true that during the last past years, High Power Microwave (HPM) weapons threat has grown up. One way to prevent from this kind of system is to study every part of it. Among them, the antenna is the element that influences the most the electromagnetic waves behavior then it has to be evaluated. This is the reason why the Centre de Gramat du Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives has teamed up with the Direction Générale de l’Armement in order to propose this thesis in collaboration with the Institut d’Electronique et de Télécommunications de Rennes. The subject provides the full study of three antennas that can be integrated on an HPM weapon. Each type of antenna is developed to address a problem: The first antenna operates at a fixed frequency and is designed to provide a maximized gain; The second one is manufactured to have a variable radiation pattern in one plane and a stable radiation pattern in the other plane; Finally, a broadband antenna operating between 2 and 4 GHz is developed in order to maintain a stable radiation pattern. Each study is led by taking into consideration high input power (around 1 kW pulsed power) and also dimensional constraints in order to be integrated on a mobile device for instance. Each antenna is designed using electromagnetic software then validated by measurements.

The main goal of this diploma thesis will be realization of tunable frequency filters using voltage conveyors, that are only little explored yet. At the beginnig of diploma thesis the frequency filters and their types will be defined. The theory of voltage conveyors based on principle of duality results from the character of current conveyors. Accordingly these active components will be closely presented. At first there will be defined individual types of voltage conveyors and their closer characteristics. Then design methods of frequency filters using unconventional active components will be described. There will be defined the method of the total admitance net, subsequently design using synthetic components and at the end there will be presented method using follow graphs that will be used to design concrete circuit solution. Using follow graphs method will be found circuit solutions of current structures with unconventional active components. During searching circuit solutions will be very important the posibility to operate the quality factor. That can be obtained by two ways. One way is the activ operation which is done by coeficients of the activ component. Other way is operating using the passiv component. There are found 26 circuits that realize condition of active operating using two active and four passive components. One of these circuits will be chosen and simulated in simulation program PSpice. To compare both methods of operation there will be compiled some circuit with passive operating with two active and five passive components and one of the passive components will be able to operate the quality factor. This circuit will be simulated in the simulation program PSpice again. The circuit will be real compiled and experimentaly measured in laboratory. Results of this measurement will be compared with calculated values and with values acquired from the simulations.