Single-frequency and mode-locked silver film ion-exchanged glass waveguide lasers as well as all-optical clock recovery based on birefringent fiber resonators have been experimentally and theoretically studied. The theory, modeling and fabrication process of silver film ion-exchange techniques, have been discussed and presented.The UV-written gratings on both IOG-1 active and passive glass have been studied. For the first time, with a high quality narrowband grating UV-printed on the passive section of a hybrid glass, a DBR waveguide single-frequency laser is demonstrated with the linewidth less than 1 MHz and the output power of 9 mW.Novel saturable absorbers based on a fiber taper embedded in carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/polymer composite were demonstrated. The saturable absorbers were utilized to build mode-locked fiber lasers, which were studied experimentally. A mode-locked ring laser utilizing an Er-Yb-codoped glass waveguide as the gain medium was also demonstrated. In addition, short cavity mode-locked waveguide lasers with CNTs film on the top were theoretically investigated, which shows a short cavity mode-locked waveguide laser is very promising.A new concept to perform multi-channel multi-rate all-optical clock recovery based on birefringent fiber-optic waveguide resonators was discussed. The concept has been advanced to polarization-insensitive operation. The experimental results, obtained as a proof-of-concept, agree well with numerical simulations.