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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Aplicação da análise gráfica no mercado de opções / Technical analysis application in the options market

Idoeta, André Ricardo Adamo 06 October 2009 (has links)
A versatilidade do mercado de opções o torna atrativo para diversos perfis de investidores. Especuladores e hedgers dispõem de uma grande variedade de estratégias e conseguem modelar uma relação risco-retorno apropriada para o seu perfil de investimento. Operar nesse mercado, no entanto, exige do investidor muito cuidado em suas análises, já que uma operação malsucedida pode ter um efeito muito mais desastroso do que no mercado à vista. Surge, então, o interesse no uso da Análise Gráfica, como uma poderosa ferramenta de reconhecimento de tendências, para a identificação de melhores oportunidades de operação. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência da aplicação da Análise Gráfica no mercado de opções. A estratégia adotada foi a de realizar operações com opções a partir da Análise Gráfica dos ativos no mercado à vista. Foram estudadas séries históricas das cotações da Petrobras PN (2004 a 2008), Telemar PN (2004 a 2006) e Vale do Rio Doce PNA (2006 a 2008). Foram identificadas 79 oportunidades de operação e seus resultados variaram entre um prejuízo de 95,72% e um lucro de 801,96%. Os resultados sugerem que operar no mercado de opções a partir da Análise Gráfica dos ativos no mercado à vista pode ser uma estratégia muito lucrativa, desde que alguns cuidados fundamentais sejam tomados para amenizar a exposição ao grande risco imposto pelas operações com opções. / The versatility of the options market makes it attractive to investors of various profiles. Speculators and hedgers hold a great variety of strategies and manage to model an appropriate risk-return relationship which fits their investment profile. Nevertheless, in order to trade in this market, an investor must be very careful in his analysis, once an unsuccessful trade might have a much more disastrous effect than in the stock market. It comes to light, then, the interest in the usage of the Technical Analysis as a powerful tool for spotting trends in order to identify the best trade opportunities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the application of the Technical Analysis in the options market. The adopted strategy was to trade options based on the Technical Analysis of its underlying instrument. A variety of historical prices of Petrobras PN (2004 to 2008), Telemar PN (2004 to 2006) and Vale do Rio Doce PNA (2006 to 2008) were studied. Seventy-nine trade opportunities were identified and their results varied from a 95.72% loss to an 801.96% profit. The results suggest that trading in the options market based on the Technical Analysis of its underlying instrument might be a very profitable strategy, provided that some fundamental precautions are taken in order to minimize the exposure to the great risk presented by the options trading.
2

Aplicação da análise gráfica no mercado de opções / Technical analysis application in the options market

André Ricardo Adamo Idoeta 06 October 2009 (has links)
A versatilidade do mercado de opções o torna atrativo para diversos perfis de investidores. Especuladores e hedgers dispõem de uma grande variedade de estratégias e conseguem modelar uma relação risco-retorno apropriada para o seu perfil de investimento. Operar nesse mercado, no entanto, exige do investidor muito cuidado em suas análises, já que uma operação malsucedida pode ter um efeito muito mais desastroso do que no mercado à vista. Surge, então, o interesse no uso da Análise Gráfica, como uma poderosa ferramenta de reconhecimento de tendências, para a identificação de melhores oportunidades de operação. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência da aplicação da Análise Gráfica no mercado de opções. A estratégia adotada foi a de realizar operações com opções a partir da Análise Gráfica dos ativos no mercado à vista. Foram estudadas séries históricas das cotações da Petrobras PN (2004 a 2008), Telemar PN (2004 a 2006) e Vale do Rio Doce PNA (2006 a 2008). Foram identificadas 79 oportunidades de operação e seus resultados variaram entre um prejuízo de 95,72% e um lucro de 801,96%. Os resultados sugerem que operar no mercado de opções a partir da Análise Gráfica dos ativos no mercado à vista pode ser uma estratégia muito lucrativa, desde que alguns cuidados fundamentais sejam tomados para amenizar a exposição ao grande risco imposto pelas operações com opções. / The versatility of the options market makes it attractive to investors of various profiles. Speculators and hedgers hold a great variety of strategies and manage to model an appropriate risk-return relationship which fits their investment profile. Nevertheless, in order to trade in this market, an investor must be very careful in his analysis, once an unsuccessful trade might have a much more disastrous effect than in the stock market. It comes to light, then, the interest in the usage of the Technical Analysis as a powerful tool for spotting trends in order to identify the best trade opportunities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the application of the Technical Analysis in the options market. The adopted strategy was to trade options based on the Technical Analysis of its underlying instrument. A variety of historical prices of Petrobras PN (2004 to 2008), Telemar PN (2004 to 2006) and Vale do Rio Doce PNA (2006 to 2008) were studied. Seventy-nine trade opportunities were identified and their results varied from a 95.72% loss to an 801.96% profit. The results suggest that trading in the options market based on the Technical Analysis of its underlying instrument might be a very profitable strategy, provided that some fundamental precautions are taken in order to minimize the exposure to the great risk presented by the options trading.
3

Uma proposta de redução da exposição ao risco financeiro do produtor agricola pelo uso de derivativos : aplicação ao caso do biodisel / A proposal of reducing farmer exposition to financial risk supported by derivatives : application to the biodiesel case

Pagliardi, Odail 27 September 2007 (has links)
Orientadores: Inacio Maria Dal Fabbro, Pedro Jose Catuogno / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T20:58:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pagliardi_Odail_D.pdf: 1063472 bytes, checksum: ba22d0625b05ccf8c440426839d7242d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi apresentar, via mercado de opções, um modelo para orientação dos agentes financeiros quanto à redução de risco financeiro presente em um empreendimento do setor agrícola. Devido ao momento vivido pelos biocombustíveis, o biodiesel foi o ativo escolhido para análise, inclusive pela riqueza apresentada na modelagem. O biodiesel tem como matérias-primas, os óleos de origem vegetal e das gorduras animais. Nesse sentido, a cesta de insumos para a produção final do biodiesel pode ser composta com diferentes proporções desses insumos, cujos preços de mercado estão correlacionados e, adicionalmente, suas volatilidades estão variando no decorrer dos diversos períodos de análise. O modelo proposto para analisar essa cesta é o tradicional modelo de Black-Scholes. Contudo, a equação diferencial para estimar o valor da opção da cesta, ou seja, o prêmio (¿seguro¿), é bem complexa, pois estão presentes os preços individuais dos insumos. Métodos numéricos devem ser utilizados para estimar as opções americanas. Todavia, devido à dimensão do problema, ou seja, devido ao número de ativos presentes, cujos preços estão correlacionados e com volatilidades não constantes, foi utilizada a simulação de Monte Carlo. Para possibilitar o uso desse instrumento nas opções americanas lançou-se mãos do algoritmo desenvolvido por Longstaff e Schwartz. Dois produtos foram propostos no trabalho, uma opção asiática e outra com barreira, ambas opções exóticas do tipo americanas. A asiática permite amenizar a volatilidade do ativo e, assim, limita a ação de grandes grupos no controle dos preços do ativo. Quanto à opção com barreira, está presente a idéia de preço mínimo / Abstract: The aim of this research was to present a model to guide the agents involved in the market to reduce the financial risk of a project in the agriculture. Due the moment favorable to the bio-combustible and of the richness of the modeling involved, the biodiesel was chosen to analyze. The biodiesel production includes a basket of vegetal oils and also animal fats, representing the ¿basic raw material¿. The basket can be composed by different proportions of oils, which prices have inter-relations and the assets have not constant volatilities. The methodology proposed to be applied to the basket of oils is the traditional Black-Scholes model. However, the differential equation to evaluate of the basket, i.e. the premium is very complex because all the oil prices are present. Numerical methods are proposed to estimate the American options. Nevertheless due the dimension of the problem, i.e. due the number of assts, with correlations among the prices, and volatilities not constants, it was employed the Monte Carlo simulation, assisted by the Longstaff-Schwartz algorithm to make possible the employment of that tool at the American options. Two American exotic options have been presented: one Asian option and another one with barrier. The Asian one allows smooth the volatility of the basket and then avoids that great enterprises control the market. The barrier option is the choice of a minimum basket price / Doutorado / Maquinas Agricolas / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola
4

Apreçamento de opção implícita de resgate de um CDB flutuante atrelado ao CDI após o período de carência

Lopes, Mario Silva 24 October 2011 (has links)
Submitted by Mario Lopes (mariosilvalopes@gmail.com) on 2011-11-17T22:51:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertaçãoMSLFinal.pdf: 2601229 bytes, checksum: 8dd97b22637c4e3c6b2b47dfcab63218 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-11-18T10:41:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertaçãoMSLFinal.pdf: 2601229 bytes, checksum: 8dd97b22637c4e3c6b2b47dfcab63218 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-11-18T10:43:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertaçãoMSLFinal.pdf: 2601229 bytes, checksum: 8dd97b22637c4e3c6b2b47dfcab63218 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-24 / O funcionamento dos bancos comerciais implica no sucesso de suas estratégias de captação de depósitos a prazo. O Certificado de Depósito Bancário (CDB) é um dos instrumentos mais utilizados para este fim. 95% dos CDBs são flutuantes e atrelados ao CDI, sendo que grande parte destes CDBs tem data de carência pré-definida para o resgate. Esta característica é responsável pela opção implícita de resgate oferecida ao investidor. Ou seja, o investidor tem a prerrogativa de resgatar seu investimento entre a data de carência e o vencimento do CDB sem que seja penalizado por isso. Este trabalho apresenta um método de apreçamento da opção de resgate implícita no CDB utilizando o modelo de Black Derman Toy. A técnica empregada inova ao considerar o nível da estrutura a termo de taxa de juros tanto em relação à curva de CDBs observada no mercado, quanto a sua volatilidade. Entretanto, a volatilidade é preservada e, por isso, não é contaminada pelas oscilações da estrutura a termo. No procedimento foram utilizados os CDBs do banco de dados da Cetip com valores maiores que quinhentos mil reais emitidos entre 2007 e 2009. Assumiu-se que todos os investidores eram racionais e não precisaram recorrer aos seus investimentos, portanto só resgataram seus recursos após o fim do prazo de carência. Com o intuito de verificar a validade dos preços calculados através do modelo Black Derman Toy, foi aplicada a técnica da simulação de Monte Carlo com a criação de dez mil trajetórias para o preço do ativo. Os resultados obtidos através do modelo proposto foram confirmados quando confrontados com a simulação de Monte Carlo. / The functioning of commercial banks relies on the success of their strategies to attract deposits. Time Deposits (TD) are one of the most used for this purpose. 95% of TDs have floating rates linked to Interbank Certificate of Deposits (CDI) and most of them have a pre-set grace date to the withdrawal. This feature is responsible for the embedded option offered to the investor. That is, the investor has the right to withdrawal their investment between the grace date and the TD maturity without being penalized. This paper presents a method of pricing withdrawal implied options in TDs using Black Derman Toy model. The innovative technique considers the level of the interest rates term structure in relation to TDs curve observed on the market, as well as its volatility. However, volatility is preserved, and therefore is not contaminated by term structure oscillations. In the procedure were used TDs (Cetip database) with amounts greater than five hundred thousand Reais issued between 2007 and 2009. It was assumed that all investors were rational and did not need to rely on their investments, so only withdrew them after their grace period. In order to verify the validity of the calculated prices by Black Derman Toy Model, Monte Carlo simulation technique was applied with the creation of ten thousand asset trajectories. Results obtained by the proposed model were confirmed when confronted with Monte Carlo simulation
5

關於選擇權市場處置效果與相似度衡量期貨交易策略的兩篇論述 / Two Essays on the Disposition Effect of the Options Market and Similarity-based Futures Trading Strategies

邱信瑜, Chiu, Hsin Yu Unknown Date (has links)
第一篇論述討論處置效果於選擇權市場的實證。處置效果係指投資人在處分資產時,傾向盡快賣出有未實現利得的投資部位,並且繼續持有有未實現損失的投資部位的行為偏誤現象。文獻上有關處置效果的實證多半集中在股票市場而少有於選擇權市場的實證。選擇權市場一般認為是具有私有資訊及較具備金融知識與經驗的投資人會選擇交易的市場。本文實證處置效果在指數選擇權市場上的影響。我們認為對於選擇權投資人來說,價內外程度是最重要且顯而易見的資訊,是很直觀可以衡量可能利得及損失的參考點。相較於傳統衡量根據過去交易價格所形成的未實現損益指標,價內外程度更能吸引投資人的注意力。以本文所提出的基於價內外程度衡量之賣出傾向指標(Moneyness-based Propensity to Sell, MPS)以及根據Grinblatt and Han (2005)所形成的調整後未實現資本利得指標(adjusted Capital Gains Overhang, ACGO),每周將買權(賣權)排序成五等分後,我們發現持有最高等分的MPS或ACGO的買權(賣權)並賣出最低等分的買權(賣權)所形成的投資組合能夠產生超額報酬,顯示處置效果在指數選擇權市場亦存在。利用雙重排序(double sorting)的方法,我們發現MPS相較於ACGO,是較能夠在選擇權市場捕捉處置效果的指標。第二篇論述討論相似度衡量策略在期貨市場獲利的可能性。文獻上對於技術交易是否能產生顯著的報酬結果並不一致,然而實務上分析過去的價格走勢並使用技術指標所產生的訊號,是廣泛被接受的。現有測試技術交易指標獲利能力的文獻,通常假設投資人在實證測試的樣本期間一致性的參考某個交易指標產生的交易訊號並依此交易。然而實務上投資人可能同時參考不同的交易指標,每次交易可能根據不同交易指標所產生的訊號,且投資人會從歷史交易價格走勢中尋找類似於現有走勢的狀況,以這些歷史走勢接續的報酬率做為現有走勢未來報酬率的預期值。本文中我們提出一個較符合實際狀況的決策過程來描述技術交易投資人的行為,並重新檢視技術交易的獲利能力。我們提出的決策過程包含三個步驟。首先投資人建立一個特徵向量,包含投資人所認為足以預測未來報酬率並足以描述現況的指標。第二個步驟,投資人從過去某段期間中尋找相似於現有特徵向量的歷史狀況,並以這些歷史狀況接續的報酬率來作為預測的根據。最後,投資人依照過去的歷史狀況與現在有多相似,作為接續報酬率的加權權重,並以相似度權重加權平均報酬來做為未來報酬率的預測值,我們將依照相似度加權報酬所產生交易訊號所形成的策略稱為相似度衡量交易策略(Similarity-based trading rules)。我們檢視相似度衡量交易策略在九個不同的期貨市場中的獲利能力,在考量data-snooping及交易成本後,每日相似度衡量交易策略仍在其中六個市場中獲得顯著的報酬率。 / The disposition effect, which refers to the tendency of investors to selling their winning investments too soon and to hold losing investments too long, has been well-documented in the extant literature. However, while empirical researches focus on examining the behavioral bias in the stock market, little attention is paid to the option market, where most informed investors and sophisticated traders gather. This essay tests for the disposition effect on the index options market. We argue that moneyness, the most salient and readily available information for option investors, is a natural reference point for potential gains and losses, which likely attracts market participants’ attention more than traditional measures that are based on past trading prices. Based on the Moneyness-based Propensity to Sell (MPS) measure that we introduce and an adjusted capital gains overhang (ACGO) measure of Grinblatt and Han (2005), we find that a strategy formed by buying calls/puts in the highest MPS or ACGO quintile and selling those in the lowest quintile would generate significant abnormal returns, suggesting the presence of the disposition effect. Using double sorting method, we find that the MPS is better as a measure in capturing the disposition effect on the options market than the ACGO. While the literature documents mixed results for the profitability of technical trading rules, the use of technical buy/sell signals based on analyzing past prices is widely accepted by practitioners. The existing literature on testing the predictive ability of technical trading mostly assumes that a technical investor consistently makes investment decisions based on the buy/sell signals according to one particular trading rule during the entire sample period. However this may be far from reality. Technical investors may simultaneously make predictions based on different technical indicators and follow different technical signals. Furthermore, they analyze historical price patterns that are similar to the current market condition and make assessment of future returns based on the subsequent returns of these similar patterns. The process is known as charting. We attempt to propose a more realistic decision-making process that incorporates the similarity-based predictors to account for technical investors’ decisions in the real world and reexamine the profitability of technical trading rules. The proposed process includes three steps. First, the investor attempts to predict future returns based on a vector of current characteristics that is sufficient for his assessment of the future returns and to depict the present scenario of the stock market. Second, the investor searches for the similar patterns in a specific time window prior to the current date and make an assessment of the future returns based on how similar these past patterns and the current pattern are and how rewarding the subsequent returns of the similar patterns are. Third, the investor is assumed to form a similarity-based indicator which is an assessment of the future returns depended on the similarity-weighted average of all previously observed values of the subsequent returns. The technical investor is then assumed to buy/sell according to the signals generated by the similarity-based trading rules (SBTR). We examine the profitability of the SBTR in nine futures markets and find significantly positive and robust returns after considering the data-snooping adjustments and transaction costs in six of the nine markets.

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