This thesis was written to document, through both primary and secondary sources, the history of hop growing as it was in Oregon between 1850 and 1950. In those years, hop growing was most often a speculative venture. Growers could be rich one year and bankrupt the next due to the uncertainties of marketing.

Apophallus donicus is examined, its life cycle is described, and certain additions are made to its biology. It is thought, but not proven, that eggs are eaten by the first.intermediate host, the local stream snail FluI menicola virens, and the miracidia escape internally. Mother and daughter rediae stages result, the later producing cercariae which are shed into the water. After burrowing just beneath the skin in suckers (Catostomus macrocheilus Girard), rainbow trout (Salmo 9airdneri Richardson), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum) squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis Richardson), blackside dace (Rhinichthys osculus nubilus (Girard), redside shiners (Richardsonius balteatus balteatus (Richardson),and possibly other fish, the cercariae encyst and the resulting metacercariae cause black-spot disease in the host. Natural definitive hosts were not found, but laboratory infections included gerbils, white rats, golden hamsters, chickens, catfish (Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), cats, and the author. A rainbow trout was found which had 33 immature Apophallus in its small intestine. All were alive and active, but their entire posterior ends, including all the sex organs, were degenerate and poorly formed compared to the anterior halves of their bodies, and there was no evidence that adults with eggs would have resulted. This trematode is very hardy and adaptable in all stages of its life cycle, e.g., cercariae lived and were active up until eight days after being shed, metacercariae remained infective in fish which had been dead and out of water for 60 hours, and adults lived in tap water at room temperature for 72 hours.

Fifty three sedimentary samples were analyzed for their minor and trace element concentrations utilizing instrumental neutron activation analysis. Concentrations of Na, K, La, Sm and Sc, and their ratios appear to establish significant trends. The data suggest a major break from a granitic-metamorphic provenance and a volcanic component dominated provenance between the Cowlitz and Keasey Formations respectively. The provenance of the Astoria Formation indicates the presence of flood basalts.

There exist a number of factors which operate as potentially significant determinants of the distributional impact of the property tax within any specific urban or metropolitan area. This study is an attempt to explain the income distribution effects of one factor – the property tax reappraisal lag. The study is limited mainly to the impact of the lag on owners of single-family housing. An income distribution problem arises because each property subject to the property tax is reappraised only every five or six years. Each Oregon county is divided into five or six maintenance districts to facilitate reappraisal. For example, Multnomah County, which is the subject area of the thesis text, currently has five maintenance districts. All properties in one maintenance district are reappraised each year. Insofar as property values, as well as the income of the owners of these properties, experience differential movements during the five-year period in which the original appraisal is maintained on the assessment rolls, the reappraisal lag redistributes the property tax burden within the area. The hypothesis presented here is that the property tax reappraisal lag operates to increase the burden of the property tax on owners of lower-value single-family housing, while at the same time diminishing the burden of the tax on owners of higher-value single-family housing. In order to test this hypothesis, a sample was drawn from single-family housing sales data maintained by the Sales Ratio Division of the Multnomah County Assessors’ Office. Multnomah County maintains computerized records of all property transfers occurring within Multnomah County. Through the use of simple and multiple regression analysis, it was possible to examine the following questions: (1) what factors produce the initial assessment level pattern in Multnomah County; (2) how does the reappraisal lag affect the initial assessment pattern; and (3) what are the distribution effects of the initial assessment level and the reappraisal lag pattern. The results of the study strongly support the hypothesis. Within Multnomah County the reappraisal lag operates to redistribute approximately $1,200,000 per year from owners of lower-value to owners of higher-value single-family housing, significantly increasing tax burdens on lower-income groups. The redistribution of tax burdens is complicated by the relationship between business and residential property. If redistribution occurs only within the single-family housing property class, owners of housing valued below approximately $14,605 would experience a decline in tax burden, while owners of housing valued above this amount would experience an increase in tax burden. If redistribution results in a lower tax rate for business property, the cross-over point mentioned above would decline to approximately $10,260. At the same time, because of the tax rate decline effect, there would be a net shift of tax burden roughly equal to $2.8 million per year from business to residential property.

A study of the characteristics of AFDC cases active in Linn County , Oregon in June 1966 and of the difference in characteristics between those cases closed by September 1, 1967, and those cases remaining active on that date. The source of data was the case records of the Linn County Department of Public Welfare. There were 212 cases in the study with 200 suitable for full analysis. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that there is a difference in selected characteristics between cases remaining active and cases that close. Case records were read and then characteristics tallied. The cases that were in closed status at the end of 15 months were compared with the characteristics of the cases remaining active. Findings confirmed the hypothesis with respect to two characteristics in which there were statistically significant differences. These were family composition and work experience. A large family limited the possibility of termination, but experience in a trade increased the probability of termination. Education level and age of mother were not found to be significant. The unmarried mother tended to remain active, but this finding was influenced by size of family. Question was raised about the reliability of information in case records concerning sexual behavior and use of alcohol. The woman with chronic medical problems was found to have a better than average frequency of termination. The impact of vocational training and group therapy was not significant for remaining active or terminating.

Child abuse is a significant contemporary community problem. Child abuse authorities are divided over the question of whether public intervention in the child abuse problem should be executed by law enforcement or social services agencies. Many jurisdictions, such as Multnomah County, Oregon, reflect this basic disagreement by authorizing the involvement of both of these agencies. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between what happens to child abuse victims, their families, and the perpetrators and the community agency - law enforcement or social services (the Children's Services Division)-which investigated the case. Data were collected from the population of child abuse reports originating from Multnomah County between September, 1975 and January, 1977. These data included:(1) the pertinent demographic characteristics of the study population; (2) the community sources that reported the suspected abuse; (3) the agencies that received and investigated those reports; and (4) the disposition of the cases. In order to test the study hypothesis, the investigating agency was related to the disposition of the child abuse cases. The study data indicated that the disposition of reported child abuse was related to the agency which investigated the cases. Specifically, the cases investigated by a law enforcement agency compared with the Children's Services Division were more likely to result in the removal of the victims from their home. In contrast, social service referrals for their families and community action directed to the perpetrators were more likely when the cases were investigated by the Children's Services Division compared to a law enforcement agency. When the cases were investigated jointly by the Children's Services Division and a law enforcement agency, the abuse victims were most likely to be separated from their families, the families were most likely to be referred for social services, and community action was most likely to be directed to the perpetrators. Since disposition may be directly related to characteristics of the study population, the relationship between disposition and investigating agency was controlled for these characteristics. The controlled analysis of the data generally confirmed the findings of the study, but revealed that (1) disposition was directly associated with certain characteristics of the population and (2) the relationship between disposition and investigating agency was modified by several characteristics. These findings, however, are largely harmonized to the general study findings when interpreted in light of the structure of the community's child abuse "system" and the interrelationships among the characteristics of the population. The study findings lead to the conclusion that a choice of agencies to investigate child abuse reports results in differential, and perhaps unequal treatment of child abuse victims, their families and the perpetrators.

Hen egg white lysozyme is a hydrolytic enzyme effective at preventing the growth of Gram positive bacteria by degrading the bacterial cell wall to a point of cell lysis. Investigating lysozyme as a processing tool in wine to control the growth of lactic acid bacteria and malolactic fermentation has significant commercial interest. In this project, the interactions of lysozyme with wine components and wine was evaluated along with the efficacy of lysozyme in preventing malolactic fermentation (MLF) in Oregon Pinot Noir and Chardonnay. The information from this work, together with results from similar projects, will allow the development of guidelines for lysozyme use in commercial wine. Interactions of lysozyme with wine components were evaluated by measurement of enzymatic activity in the presence of wine acids, ethanol, and phenolics. Enzyme inhibition was observed, to various degrees, with all wine components. Crude grape tannin altered the availability of free enzyme by complexing to lysozyme and forming a precipitate. In a model wine system, lysozyme activity was reduced by 50% when tannin was present. Lysozyme addition to red wine resulted in a reduction in pigmented compounds and detectable sensory differences. Wine trials evaluated the efficacy of lysozyme in completely preventing malolactic fermentation (MLF) and terminating MLF midway through fermentation in Oregon Pinot Noir and Chardonnay. Vintages from 1993 and 1994 were treated without SO₂, with SO₂, with SO₂ plus a starter culture of Leuconostoc oenos. Each lot was divided into 0 ppm lysozyme (control), 250 ppm lysozyme, 500 ppm lysozyme, and 1000 ppm lysozyme. Lactic acid bacteria were enumerated monthly, for ten months. Lysozyme prevented malolactic fermentation in all wines at the treatment levels of 500 and 1000 ppm. In the 1993 Pinot Noir, 250 ppm lysozyme prevented MLF but only delayed MLF in the 1994 vintage. Lysozyme effectively terminated MLF at a concentration between 200 and 300 ppm in both Pinot Noir and Chardonnay. / Graduation date: 1996

The main objective of this study was to estimate the demand for and value of Oregon ocean sport-caught salmon fishery. The primary technique employed to estimate the recreational demand was an aggregated zone average travel cost method (TCM). The willingness of an angler to pay was deduced from the estimated demand for recreational fishing. The concept of consumers' surplus was used in conjunction with the travel-cost based demand functions to estimate the net economic value of Oregon ocean sport-caught salmon. The net economic value computed for the pooled data from all ten ports was found to be about $6.4 million. This value was calculated based on the total travel cost per mile of one-way distance equal to 72 cents. The regional travel cost method (RTCM) was developed to measure the effects of substitutes and quality variables in the travel cost model. A system of a linear demand equations for the six larger ports was estimated by the seemingly unrelated regression equation (SURE) method. The substitute distances as proxies for substitute prices were found to be insignificant for this model. Likewise, attempts to include substitute distances using indexes constructed by the Principal Component analysis failed to give significant results, with the exception of Garibaldi and Brookings. The total net economic value for the regional travel cost model estimated by SURE was $9.1 million. The incremental value per coho equivalent was also assessed by using the relationship between catch and effort per month by port. The coho equivalent was constructed on the basis of average weights of the commercial salmon catch, which was roughly two coho to one chinook salmon. The weighted average incremental value per coho and chinook was found to be $23.46 and $43.17, respectively. These values were about 50 percent of their respective average values. A total of 66 out of 234 distance zones created had zero values. Tobit analysis was employed to efficiently estimate the recreational demand from this kind of data. From the estimated demand function, a net economic value of about $12.7 million was obtained. This value was higher than those estimated by the SURE method and the OLS in the simple model. It should be noted that all the above value estimates were based upon demand models that were not consistent with the theory of consumer demand. However, a theoretically consistent system of demand equations was estimated and presented in Appendix D. This model fitted the data better than the other models and should give more accurate estimates of consumer surplus. / Graduation date: 1989

This study contributes to a growing body of knowledge about diet and about exercise behaviors of young adults. This information is needed if we are to plan public health campaigns designed to reduce the risk of chronic disease through more healthful eating habits and a more active lifestyle. A questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 18-24 year old Oregonians. It included questions about factors influencing food choices, exercise behavior questions, and a food frequency questionnaire. The final sample of 57 exercisers and 70 non-exercisers was examined for differences in opinion about the healthfulness of specific foods, relatedness between opinions and consumption of these foods, and general adequacy of dietary intake. Factor analysis demonstrated a relationship between the constructs "not fattening/fattening" and "good for my health/not good for my health", which we called the "healthfulness" factor and examined further. Opinion about the healthfulness of 20 foods was evaluated. Exercisers were similar to non-exercisers, and in general did not have stronger opinions about the healthfulness of certain foods than the non-exercisers. There were more differences among exercisers stratified by those exercising more frequently, and those exercising less frequently. Consumption of most foods was not related to opinions about the healthfulness of the food for exercisers or nonexercisers. It may be that opinions about the healthfulness of a food, influence a young adult's consumption of that food, but only for foods not considered very tasty. Neither exercisers nor non-exercisers had dietary intakes which compared well with Food Guide Pyramid minimum recommendations, although exercisers did come closer to eating 2 fruits per day than did non-exercisers. For other food groups the trend was for more exercisers to meet the minimum recommendations than non-exercisers, and more males to meet the minimum intakes than females. Overall, consumption of the meat/meat alternate group was closest to recommendations, followed by fruits, grains, dairy, and vegetables. Both groups rated highly the importance of eating nutritious foods, while exercisers felt more confident in their ability to read nutrition labels. Young adults perceive time to be their scarcest resource in matters of food consumption. / Graduation date: 1996

Since no local crude oil sources exist, every drop of petroleum consumed in Oregon originates from outside sources and is distributed multi-modally to consumers. As population continues to increase and oil sources dwindle, this reliance may add financial and environmental risks to Oregonian' s quality of life. This paper examines Oregon's oil distribution system, and analyzes the risks oil movements pose in the state. A comprehensive understanding of oil distribution in Oregon can best be gained geographically. Pipelines, ships, barges, railroads and trucks play different roles in this system, yet data for these transport modes are maintained by different groups and unstandardized. Therefore, the data must be normalized to present a map of how oil is being moved around the state. This study sets all levels to a barrels (42 U.S. gallons) per month (assumed 30 days) standard. Oil's role in the economy of our state, most noticeably in the sale of motor gasoline, creates different types of risk. The most obvious risk results from transportation, and Oregon is plagued daily by unintended releases. A second type of risk, supply risk, exists because of our reliance on the petroleum networks of Alaska, Washington and California, and was evident during the 1974 oil embargo. Lastly, economic risk should theoretically be present since Oregon is a downstream consumer from adjacent states. During times of shortages, Oregon should be at the mercy of those who provide its supply. The data do not support this, but suggest that oil is purely a global commodity, and price and supply are determined worldwide in response to typical marketing forces. The distribution systems detailed herein are dynamic, and outside forces such as the proposed export of Alaskan crude oil, the increased exploration of offshore oil fields, and the development of a cross-Cascades pipeline may alter this scheme. Oregonians can ensure the most effective petroleum distribution systems only by understanding them and their associated risks.