PALEOFLUID CHEMISTRY OF OROGENIC GOLD DEPOSITS: NOVEL ANALYTICAL METHODS AND CASE STUDIES FROM THE BOHEMIAN MASSIF Tomáš Hrstka1 1 Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Albertov 6, Praha 2, CZ-128 43 Abstract of the Ph.D. Thesis Fluid inclusions represent a unique tool for understanding the processes leading to the formation of mineral deposits and fluid-rock interactions in general. Orogenic gold deposits in the central part of the Bohemian Massif (Libčice and Kasejovice deposits) were studied in order to provide a better understanding of their genesis. A multifaceted approach was adopted including a broad spectrum of micro-analytical methods. While traditional methods were used as the basis of this study (e.g., microthermometry, SEM and optical microscopy), the application and improvement/development of modern analytical methods (e.g., LA-ICP- MS and Raman spectroscopy) or introduction of alternative innovative techniques (CLSM, Nano- tomography, QEMSCAN) constituted a significant part of this study. This study reveals the importance of the HCO3 - species in hydrothermal fluids (i.e., >100 řC to ~350 řC). Previously, the prevalence of Cl- and other anions was reported for hydrothermal paleofluids and the majority of studies suggested...

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Andrés H Z Riveros.pdf: 7865960 bytes, checksum: 0f87630d48c333d2901830046a8e84e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-07 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In the Pitangui region, extreme NW in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero-MG, meta-volcano-sedimentary rocks outcrop, characteristics of a greenstone belt sequence type contained in the Group Nova Lima (Rio das Velhas Supergroup), which host the auriferous deposit Satinoco. Conventional petrographic and SEM analysis, of the host rock, of hydrothermal alteration zones, and of mineralized rock as well as specific chemical analysis in pyroxene, garnet, amphibole, feldspar, chlorite and sulphides were performed to characterize the metallogenic evolution of the mineralizing processes in Satinoco and determine the equilibrium conditions during prograde metamorphism, of the metamorphic peak and retro-metamorphism. The metamorphic peak paragenesis is marked by mineral associations almandine ± biotite ± hornblende ± grunerita-cummingtonite, hornblende ± plagioclase and by pyroxene recrystallization. The mineral association combined with mineral chemistry revealed evidence of metamorphism in conditions of facies amphibolite with temperature of 663 oC to 717 oC (geothermometer plagioclase - amphibole), as well as pressure on roughly 9 Kbares (Al-Amphibole). The tectonometamorphic events may have occurred during the Neo-Archean to the Proterozoic generating two dominant Sn foliation and Sn+1 of crenulation and transpressive transcurrent structures activation. To these structures, hydrothermal processes and polymetallic mining of orogenic type were linked which generated deposition the auriferous ore of Satinoco. The ore mineral is docked as discontinuous bodies arranged in transpressive shear zone with orientation of 306°-315°/45°-60°E. The mineralization in Satinoco is arranged stratigraphically within the basal sequences of the Nova Lima Group, structurally controlled in the direction NW-SE, hosted on metapiroxenite at the base and mica-amphibole schist at the top, and associated with areas of hydrothermal alteration. Minerals derived from fluid - host rocks interactions were associated with processes of silicification, sulfidation, chloritization, epidotization, carbonation, sericitization, and uralitization. Such effects are spatially distributed according to the shear zone deformation. The auriferous ore geneses is related to two pulses of mineralizing fluids: i) sulphides of Fe, As, Cu, Zn, Pb, and ii) a second generation of sulfides of Fe, As, Au, Cu. According to the chlorite composition characteristics, it was formed in a temperature between 390 oC and 457 oC. These temperatures would be indicative of chemical equilibrium conditions during retrograde metamorphism that reached greenschist facies metamorphic, and of the conditions under which acted hydrothermal processes derived from the fluids percolation during ore genesis, reaching greenschist metamorphic facies. We postulate that the auriferous deposit in Satinoco has metallogenetic features of epigenetic type, similar to the deposits of orogenic gold type, comparable to the metallogenetic features of other exploited deposits in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, which are considered largest deposits. / Na região de Pitangui extremo NW do Quadrilátero Ferrífero (MG), afloram rochas metavulcanossedimentares, características de uma sequência tipo greenstone belt contidas no Grupo Nova Lima (Supergrupo Rio das Velhas), as quais hospedam a jazida aurífera Satinoco. Análises de petrografia convencional e MEV, da rocha encaixante, de zonas de alteração hidrotermal, da rocha mineralizada, assim como, análises químicas pontuais em piroxênio, granada, anfibólios, feldspatos, clorita e sulfetos foram realizadas para caracterizar a evolução metalogenética dos processos mineralizantes em Satinoco e determinar as condições de equilíbrio durante o pico metamórfico e do retrometamorfismo. A paragênese do pico metamórfico está marcada pelas associações minerais almandina ± biotita ± grunerita-cummingtonita ± hornblenda, hornblenda ± plagioclásio. A associação mineral revelou evidências de metamorfismo em condições de fácies anfibolito, com temperatura do pico metamórfico de 663 oC até 717oC (Geotermômetro plagioclásio – anfibólio) e pressão em aproximadamente 9 Kbares (Al-Anfibólio). Eventos tectonometamórficos geraram duas foliações: Sn dominante e Sn+1 de crenulação e ativação de estruturas transcorrentes transpressivas. A estas estruturas, foram vinculados processos hidrotermais e de mineração polimetálica de tipo orogenético que gerou a deposição do minério aurífero Satinoco. O minério forma corpos descontínuos dispostos em zona de cisalhamento transpressiva com atitude 306°-315° / 45°-60°NE. A mineralização em Satinoco se dispõe estratigraficamente dentro das sequências basais do Grupo Nova Lima, estruturalmente controlada na direção NW-SE, hospedado em metamáficas-ultramáficas na base e mica-anfibólio xisto no topo, e associada a zonas de alteração hidrotermal. Minerais derivados da interação fluido - rocha encaixante foram associados a processos de silicificação, sulfetação e cloritização, epidotização, carbonatação, sericitização e uralitização. Tais efeitos se distribuem espacialmente paralelos à deformação vinculada à zona de cisalhamento. A gênese do minério aurífero se relaciona a dois pulsos de fluidos mineralizantes: i) sulfetos de Fe, As, Cu, Zn, Pb, e ii) uma segunda geração de sulfetos de Fe, As, Au, Cu. Segundo as características de composição da clorita, está se formou em temperatura variando entre 390 oC e 457 oC. Estas temperaturas seriam indicativas das condições de equilíbrio químico durante o metamorfismo retrógrado que atingiu a fácies metamórfica xisto verde, e das condições nas que atuaram os processos hidrotermais derivados da percolação de fluidos durante a gênese do minério. Postulamos que a jazida aurífera em Satinoco tem características metalogenéticas de tipo epigenética, similares às dos depósitos tipo orogenic gold, comparáveis às feições metalogenéticas de outros depósitos explorados no Quadrilátero Ferrífero, de grande porte.

Cette thèse correspond à une étude comparative détaillée de trois gisements aurifères birimiens (~ 2 Ga) du craton ouest africain (Syama, Tabakoroni et Tellem), situés sur la ceinture de Bagoé au Mali. La minéralisation se concentre dans les roches où les structures de déformation fragile sont les plus développées (basaltes et métasédiments bréchifiés, microgranite à Tellem) et se développe préférentiellement en bordure des veines. Les sulfures majeurs (pyrite à Syama et pyrite + arsénopyrite à Tabakoroni et Tellem) sont zonés avec : i) un cœur arsénifère riche en inclusions d'albite, d'ankérite et de rutile (accessoirement pyrrhotite); ii) une bordure limpide, globalement moins arsénifère que le coeur mais présentant une fine zonation avec des alternances de zones riches en As et de zones pauvres en As. L'or se présente sous forme d'or invisible inclus dans le réseau cristallin des sulfures, de petits grains individualisés en inclusion dans les sulfures, souvent accompagnés de sulfoantimoniures, notamment la tétraédrite et la chalcostibite, et d'or libre associé au quartz. Les pyrites arsénifères et les arsénopyrites des gisements de la ceinture de Bagoé sont parmi les plus riches en or invisible de tous les gisements d'or de l'Afrique de l'Ouest et tout à fait comparables à ceux de la ceinture d'Ashanti au Ghana. / This thesis presents a comparative study of the Syama, Tabakoroni and Tellem gold deposits, located in the N-S trending Bagoé greenstone belt of Mali. Mineralization is found preferentially along the edges of millimetre- to centimetre-sized quartz, quartz-albite, quartz-ankerite, dolomite-quartz veins developed in tension gaps that formed during brittle deformation. Gold mineralization is mostly associated with pyrite in the three deposits, and also with arsenopyrite at Tabakoroni and Tellem. These sulphides are zoned with (i) an arsenic-rich core containing several albite, ankerite and rutile inclusions (less commonly, pyrrhotite) and (ii) a clear border of finely alternating As-rich and As-poor bands. Gold occurs in the form of i) invisible gold included in their crystal lattices, ii) small individual grains bound to these sulphides, frequently accompanied by sulphoantimonides, mainly tetrahedrite and chalcostibite and iii) free gold associated with quartz. The arseniferous pyrites and arsenopyrites of the Bagoé belt deposits are among the richest in invisible gold in all gold deposits in West Africa and are quite comparable to those of the Ashanti Belt in Ghana.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 240-251).

published_or_final_version / Earth Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

No description available.

Il est débattue sur le temps closural finale de l'océan paléo-asiatique et la position. Certains géologues ont préconisé la suture "Solonker" marque la zone closural finale du Permien , tandis que d'autres insistent sur le fait Paléozoïque milieu. Nos trois domaines d'étude, le Hongqi , le Ondor Somme et le Mandula ont essentiel et important de résoudre ces controverses. Les unités litho-tectonique reconnus dans le domaine Hongqi-Ondor Sum sont le mélange Belt de Hongqi-Ondor Sum, la Belt de l'arc Bainaimiao, craton du Nord de Chine et les roches sédimentaires post-orogéniques. Le mélange Belt de Hongqi-Ondor Sum connu déformation ductile en deux phases et une phase de la déformation ductile-fragile. D1 est responsable de la S1 foliation, linéation minérale L1, et intrafolial pli F1. Les critères cinématiques indiquent un sens cisaillement de top-to-the-NW. D2 est caractérisée par divers taille de plis asymétriques avec axe presque NE correspondant à la poussée NW cisaillement. D3 formé le cadre régional dans le Hongqi et les zones Ondor Sum. La zone Mandula contient les sédiments olistostrome, les sédiments turbiditiques et roches volcanosédimentaires. Grains de zircons détritiques dans des échantillons sédimentaires indiquent la zone d'étude Mandula reçu des matériaux d'arc Bainaimiao et matières contemporaines de l'éruption volcanique du Permien. Les sédiments et les roches volcaniques dans la région Mandula soumettent un NW-SE ou près de N-S du raccourcissement. Les données géologiques indiquent qu'une subduction et collsion dans Paléozoïque inférieur, et rifting et fermeture rift dans Palezoic supérieur. Les fragments ophiolitiques "Solonker" sont en effet olistostrome. Composants ophiolitiques typiques ne sont pas observés dans la région Mandula. / It is hotly debated about the final closural time and position of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. Some geologists advocated the “Solonker” suture marks the final closural zone in Permian, whereas others insist in middle Paleozoic. Our three study areas, the Hongqi, the Ondor Sum and the Mandula is essential and important to solve those controversies. The litho-tectonic units recognized in the Hongqi-Ondor Sum area include the Hongqi-Ondor Sum mélange belt, the Bainaimiao arc belt, North China Craton and post-orogenic unconformably sedimentary rocks. The Hongqi-Ondor Sum mélange belt experienced two phase ductile deformation and one phase ductile-brittle deformation. D1 is responsible for the regional greenschist foliation S1, elongated mineral lineation L1, and intrafolial fold F1. The kinematic criteria indicates a top-to-the-NW shearing sense. D2 is characterized by various sized of unsymmetrical folds with nearly NE axis corresponding to the NW thrust shearing. D3 formed the regional framework in the Hongqi and the Ondor Sum areas. The Mandula area contains olistostrome sediments, turbiditic sediments and volcano-sedimentary rocks. Detrital zircon grains in sedimentary samples argue the Mandula study area received the southern Bainaimiao arc materials and coeval Permian volcanic erupting materials nearby. The sediments and volcanic rocks in Mandula area subject a nearly NW-SE or N-S compressional shortening. The geological data support that an Early Paleozoic subduction and collsioan, Late Palezoic rifting and rift closure model. The so called “Solonker” ophiolitic fragments indeed are olistostrome. Typical ophiolite components are not observed in the Mandula area.

Le Centre-Est de la Mongolie intérieure, faisant la partie sud-est de la Ceinture Orogénique de l'Asie Centrale (CAOB), est une zone de clé pour étudier l'histoire de l’accrétion-collision entre la Chine du Nord (NCC) et les blocs continentaux du Nord. Les contraintes du cadre tectonique et de la connaissance de l’évolution tectonique sont importantes pour comprendre l’accrétion de la CAOB car il n’y a pas de consensus sur le mode et la période de l'accrétion entre NCC et les blocs du Nord. Par conséquent, des études pluridisciplinaires ont été effectuées sur les roches sédimentaires et magmatiques du Paléozoïque supérieur dans le centre-oriental de la Mongolie Intérieure. Sur la base de nos études sédimentologiques, géochronologiques, géochimiques et paléomagnétiques, et compte tenu des résultats précédents en pétrographie, géochimie et paléontologie, l'évolution sédimentaire et tectonique du Paléozoïque supérieur du Centre-Oriental de la Mongolie Intérieure a été bien établie. Les études détaillées en sédimentologie et géochimie montrent une transition entre les dépôts molassiques du Dévonien à la dénudation du Carbonifère inférieur et les sédiments marins du Carbonifère supérieure vers les dépôts de bassin d'extension au Permien. D’après nos analyses détaillées des faciès sédimentaires, des caractéristiques géochimiques des roches magmatiques et nos données paléomagnétiques, nous proposons un modèle géodynamique de subduction-collision-extension post-orogénique pour le Paléozoïque au Centre-Oriental de la Mongolie Intérieure. / Central-eastern Inner Mongolia, located in the southeastern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), is a key area to study the collisional-accretionary history between the North China Craton (NCC) and the northern continental blocks. The establishment of precise constraints of this tectonic framework and evolutional history are important to understand the accretion of CAOB. However, no any consensus has been achieved about the way and the timing of the accretion between NCC and the northern blocks. Therefore, multidisciplinary studies have been carried out on the Late Paleozoic strata and magmatic rocks in central-eastern Inner Mongolia. Based on our sedimentological analyses, detrital zircon geochronological constraints, geochemical studies and paleomagnetic investigations, integrating the previous results in petrology, geochemistry and paleontology, the Late Paleozoic sedimentary-tectonic evolution of the central-eastern Inner Mongolia has been established. Detailed sedimentological and geochemical studies show a transition from the Devonian molassic deposits to the Early Carboniferous denudation and from the Late Carboniferous inland-sea sediments to the Permian extensional basin deposits. According to the comprehensive analyses on sedimentary facies, geochemical characteristics and paleomagnetic data, we propose a Paleozoic subduction-collision- post-orogenic extension tectonic model for central-eastern Inner Mongolia.

Abstract not available

Large-scale accretionary and collisional crustal orogenic architecture is studied combining structural geology, lithostratigraphy, geochronology and magmatic petrology with gravity, magnetic and seismic data. This multidisciplinary approach allows characterizing the structure and composition of the orogenic crust in two accretionary-collisional systems. The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) constituting one third of the Asia continent and the Bohemian Massif are two Palaeozoic orogens formed by accretion followed by collision. It is proposed that the CAOB formed by successive Paleozoic accretion of oceanic and continental fragments followed by a late Palaeozoic to early Mesozoic N-S convergence of North Chinese and Siberian Cratons. The comparison between the potential fields and the geological data reveals an incorrect compartmentalization into different lithostratigraphic terranes. In contrast to geology the geophysical approach allows the analysis of the crustal structures on a complete thickness of crustal column. This thesis presents a compilation of geological data combined with unique gravity and magnetic results which are integrated into a preliminary model for the architecture of the continental crust. Conversely, an important collection of complementary data is available for the Bohemian Massif, allow more precise 3D geophysical forward modeling. In this area, geophysical data reveal the occurrence of an allochtonous lower crustal layer with a felsic composition. This indicates that the Variscan orogenic crust actually resulted from the accretion of contrasted crustal fragments.