Mangaba tree (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) is a tropical fruit found in different regions of the country, being more abundant in areas of coastal tablelands and lowlands of Northeast region, where it is explored in an extractive way and it is suffering an accelerated process of erosion genetics. The development of methods for conservation of genetic resources still available it is essential. This work aimed at improving technical and scientific in vitro conservation by slow growth of mangaba tree. The work was done at the Laboratory of Plant Tissue Culture of Embrapa Coastal Tablelands. To evaluate the effect of sucrose and sorbitol nodal segments were inoculated in test tubes with 25 mL of MS medium supplemented with 1 mg.L-1 of indol acetic acid (IAA) and 1 mg.L-1 of benzylaminopurine (BAP) and different sorbitol concentrations (10; 20 and 40 g.L-1) combined with 0 and 15 g.L-1 of sucrose. To evaluate the effect of abscisic acid (ABA) and the recipient and sealing types, nodal segments were inoculated in "mayonnaise" flasks and in test tubes with 25 mL of MS medium supplemented with 30 g.L-1 of sucrose, containing 0 or 0.5 mg.L-1 of ABA combined with plastic lid and aluminum foil. To study the effect of the mannitol and cultivation time two mangaba accessions were inoculated on MS medium supplemented with 0; 5; 10; 15 and 20 g.L-1 of mannitol. The proline quantification was done in mangaba microcuttings from conservation medium containing 10 and 20 g.L-1 of sorbitol. In the recovery stage of the growth explants conserved in vitro for 120 days, in the previous experiments were inoculated on MS medium and the viability of crops evaluated at 30 and 60 days. It is feasible to maintain nodal segments in the absence of sucrose in the presence of 10 or 20 g.L-1 of sorbitol and nodal segments in the presence of 0.5 mg.L-1 of ABA in test tubes sealed with aluminum foil lid for 120 days. It is possible the conservation of seedlings germinated in vitro in MS culture medium with 15 and 20 g.L-1 of mannitol for 180 days. Larger proline accumulation is observed in stem than in leaves of mangaba tree. Explants maintained in the presence of 10 g.L-1 of sorbitol and sucrose absence and in the presence of 0.5 mg.L-1 of ABA at conservation present higher viability in the growth recovery. / A mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) é uma frutífera tropical encontrada em diferentes regiões do país, sendo mais abundante em áreas de tabuleiros costeiros e baixadas litorâneas da Região Nordeste, onde é explorada de forma extrativista e vem sofrendo acelerado processo de erosão genética. O desenvolvimento de métodos de conservação dos recursos genéticos ainda disponíveis torna-se imprescindível. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o aprimoramento técnico-científico da conservação in vitro por crescimento lento de mangabeira. Os trabalhos foram desenvolvidos no Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos de Plantas da Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros. Para avaliar o efeito da sacarose e sorbitol segmentos nodais foram inoculados em tubos de ensaio com 25 mL de meio de cultura MS suplementado com 1 mg.L-1 de ácido indol acético (AIA) e 1 mg.L-1 de benzilaminopurina (BAP) e diferentes concentrações de sorbitol (10; 20 e 40 g.L-1), combinadas com 0 e 15 g.L-1 de sacarose. Para avaliar o efeito do ácido abscísico (ABA), do tipo de recipiente e vedação os segmentos nodais foram inoculados em frascos tipo maionese e em tubos de ensaio com 25 mL de meio MS, suplementado com 30 g.L- 1 de sacarose, contendo 0 ou 0,5 mg.L-1 de ABA combinadas com tampa plástica e tampa de papel alumínio. Para o estudo do efeito do manitol e tempo de cultivo dois acessos de mangabeira foram inoculados em meio MS combinados com 0; 5; 10; 15 e 20 g.L-1 de manitol. Foi realizada a quantificação da prolina em microestacas provenientes de meio de conservação contendo 10 e 20 g.L-1 de sorbitol. Na etapa de recuperação do crescimento explantes conservados in vitro por 120 dias, nos experimentos anteriores foram inoculados em meio de cultura MS sendo a viabilidade das culturas avaliadas aos 30 e 60 dias. É viável a manutenção de segmentos nodais na ausência de sacarose e na presença de 10 ou 20 g.L-1 de sorbitol assim como de segmentos nodais na presença de 0,5 mg.L-1 de ABA em tubos de ensaio vedados com tampa de papel alumínio por 120 dias. É viável a conservação de plântulas germinadas in vitro em meio com 15 e 20 g.L-1 de manitol por 180 dias. Observa-se maior acúmulo de prolina em entre-nós do que em folhas de mangabeira. Explantes mantidos na presença de 10 g.L-1 de sorbitol e na ausência de sacarose e na presença de 0,5 mg.L-1 de ABA na fase de conservação apresentam maior viabilidade na recuperação do crescimento.

En el caso del almacenamiento de los residuos radioactivos los flujos osmóticos pueden ser relevantes y requieren un análisis en detalle. El residuo nuclear bituminizado (BW) será almacenado mediante contenedores en cavidades excavadas en la Boom Clay, que es una arcilla marina que presenta propiedades favorables para limitar y retrasar la migración de los contaminantes radioactivos. La interacción entre los dos materiales es un proceso acoplado químico-hidro-mecánico y depende de la respuesta hidromecánica de la Boom Clay y del BW. En condiciones de almacenamiento, el contacto del BW, que contienen cantidades importantes de NaNO3, con el agua subterránea induce la hidratación por gradientes osmóticos y el consiguiente hinchamiento, además de la difusión de la sal disuelta hacia la Boom Clay. Se pueden distinguir dos tipos de afecciones: la perturbación geomecánica causada por el hinchamiento del BW y el aumento de presión en el BW y cambio de las distribución de tensiones en la roca, y la perturbación físico química por la migración de grandes cantidades de sales. El objetivo de esta tesis es: (i) Mejorar la comprensión de los procesos que controlan la absorción de agua y el consecuente hinchamiento del BW que contengan sales (NaNO3), y (ii) Investigar los posibles efectos de la concentración de fluidos de los poros sobre el hinchamiento, la compresibilidad y comportamiento de corte de la Boom Clay. En primer lugar, se ha desarrollado una formulación para el análisis de la deformación inducida por la disolución de sales en medio poroso con contacto con agua. Las ecuaciones planteadas incluyen los flujos acoplados de agua y soluto. Se presenta también un trabajo teórico que ayuda a la comprensión del comportamiento mecánico del BW. Se considera este material como una mezcla de bitumen y cristales de NaNO3. Se ha desarrollado un modelo elasto-viscoplástico que describe el comportamiento de fluencia del BW considerando el comportamiento de fluencia de sus constituyentes. El modelo constitutivo elasto-viscoplástico ha sido implementado en el programa CODE_BRIGHT. Los resultados se han comparado con observaciones experimentales. Se ha estudiado el comportamiento a largo plazo del BW en contacto con agua al simular ensayos de hinchamiento por absorción de agua bajo condiciones confinadas. El análisis numérico ha demostrado ser capaz de proporcionar una representación satisfactoria de los principales patrones observados en su comportamiento. En lo que respecta al segundo objetivo de la tesis, se ha propuesto una formulación para el análisis de las deformaciones inducidas por procesos osmóticos en un medio poroso de doble estructura. Esta formulación distingue dentro del material un nivel micro-estructural y otro macro-estructural con cambios químicos que tienen un efecto significativo en la micro-estructura. Se han obtenido las ecuaciones básicas que describen los flujos acoplados de agua y solutos y el transporte de sus componentes a través de los macroporos así como las ecuaciones de balance de masa para agua y soluto en los macroporos y microporos. La formulación propuesta ha sido aplicada particularmente para analizar cualitativamente el efecto de la succión osmótica sobre el hinchamiento de los suelos arcillosos. Se han analizado los efectos a corto y largo plazo. Se ha investigado también la influencia del aumento de la concentración del fluido en los poros sobre las propiedades geotécnicas y el comportamiento de la Boom Clay no saturada. Se ha llevado a cabo un programa sistemático de investigación experimental, con control de succión osmótica y matricial, con el fin de investigar el efecto del incremento de la concentración del fluido de poros sobre la resistencia de corte y el cambio volumétrico bajo condiciones edométricas. Se ha observado, que bajo condiciones parcialmente saturadas, un cambio en la salinidad provoca una disminución en la compresibilidad y en la resistencia de corte del material. / For deep storage of high-level nuclear waste osmotic flows can be significant and so require a careful analysis. In Belgium, The bituminized nuclear waste (BW) named Eurobitum contained in metallic drums will be placed inside a tunnel or a shaft excavated in the Boom Clay, which is 100 m thick marine clay presenting favourable properties to limit and delay the migration of the leached radionuclides over extended periods of time. In Geological disposal conditions, contact of the bituminized radioactive waste which contains high amounts of highly soluble salt (NaNO3) with groundwater will result in water uptake and swelling of the waste and in subsequent diffusion of the dissolved salt through the host clay formation. Basically, two types of disturbance can be distinguished: A geo-mechanical perturbation, caused by the swelling of the waste and the increase of the pressure in and around the waste and a physico-chemical perturbation by the release of large amounts of NaNO3 and other soluble salts. In this context the aim of this thesis is: (i) to improve the understanding of the processes controlling the water uptake and the subsequent swelling of bituminized waste containing soluble salts (NaNO3), and (ii) to investigate of the possible effects of the increase of pore fluid concentration on swelling, compressibility and shear behaviour of Boom Clay. A formulation has been proposed for the analysis of deformation induced by dissolution of salts in porous media in contact with water. The equations include the effect of coupled transport phenomena and the formulation has been included as an extension in the coupled THM program CODE_BRIGHT. A theoretical and experimental work aiming at understanding the mechanical behaviour of the Bituminized Waste has been presented.This material is considered for this purpose as a mixture of bitumen and crystals of NaNO3. An elasto-viscoplastic model has been developed that describes the creep behaviour of BW considering the constituents' creep behaviour. The elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model has been implemented into CODE_BRIGHT. The modelling results have been compared with the experimental data. The impact of osmotic forces on the swelling of the material has been investigated by simulating water uptake swelling tests under confined conditions and comparing the predictions with experimental results. The numerical analysis has proven to be able to furnish a satisfactory representation of the main observed patterns of the behaviour. In regard to the second objective of this thesis, a formulation has been proposed for the analysis of deformations induced by osmotic processes in double structure porous media. The formulation is based on the distinction within the material of a microstructural and a macrostructural levels with chemical changes having a significant effect on the microstructure. A macroscopic description of the system is provided. Then the basic equations describing coupled flows of water and solutes and the transport of its components through macropores and mass balance equations for water and solute in macro and micro pores have been obtained. The proposed formulation has been particularly applied to analyze qualitatively the effect of osmotic suction on swelling of clayey soils. Transient and long term effects have been analyzed. The influence of pore fluid concentration on the geotechnical properties and behavior of Boom Clay under partially saturated conditions has been investigated. A systematic experimental research program involving osmotic suction and matric suction controlled experiments has been carried to investigate the effect of the increase of pore fluid concentration on shear strength and on the volume change behaviour under odometer stress state conditions. It has been observed that under partially saturated conditions a change in salinity causes a decrease in compressibility and shear strength.