Objectives: This study evaluated the effects of extended acid etching on microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of a etch and rinse adhesive system to sound vital dentin. Etching times of 5, 20 and 80 seconds was used to evaluate the µTBS on vital dentin with resin bonded composite [RBC] restoration (Esthet-XTM) which used a two step etch and rinse adhesive system(Prime Bond NTTM) for bonding. Methods: 26 premolars which were going to be extracted for orthodontic treatment were used for this experiment. The teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups based on the etch times and restored with RBC using two step adhesive and extracted in `Guarulhos University' Brazil. After extraction, these teeth were sectioned ( Microtome) in such a way to obtain 2 testing beams of 2mm diameter from each tooth were obtained which were trimmed (CNC specimen former, University of Iowa, IA, USA) to a dumb bell shape and tested for the microtensile bond strength in University of Iowa. Out of 26 teeth, 46 beams were obtained. For statistical analysis, One-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey-Kramer's test was used to determine whether there were significant differences in micro-tensile bond strength among three etching times under each condition. All tests had a 0.05 level of statistical significance. SAS for Windows (v9.1, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC, USA) was used for the data analysis. Fracture mode was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Results: Bond strengths in 20 seconds and 5 seconds groups were significantly greater than that observed in 80 seconds group, while there was no significant difference between 20 and 5 etching times.SEM showed majority of the failure was adhesive/ joint failure. Significance: The results in this In-vivo study are consistent with other in-vitro studies and thus bring an insight on the importance of duration of phosphoric acid application on dentin and extended etch times could compromise the bond strength of the restorations.

This study compared two methods of postcesarean fentanyl patient- controlled analgesia (PCA). Fentanyl was administered intravenously (PCAI) or epidurally (PCAE) following cesarean section under epidural chloroprocaine anesthesia. Twenty-one ASA I and II parturients were randomly assigned to receive fentanyl PCAI (n = 9) or PCA (n = 12). At surgical completion fentanyl 1.0 mcg/kg was given and the PCA initiated with a dose of 30 mcg, a lockout interval of 10 minutes, a maximum dose of 180 mcg/hr, and no basal rate. Data were collected over 24 hours including visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores, plasma fentanyl levels, total fentanyl usage, and side effects. Surgical time was significantly longer for the PCA, group (p = 0.0213). There was no difference in VAS scores until 24 hours when the PCAE group’s were significantly lower (p = 0.0295). The PCAE group almost always had lower VAS scores. Total fentanyl usage was significantly lower for the PCAE group (p = 0.050). There was no significant difference in plasma fentanyl levels, side effects, or patient satisfaction. The data revealed that both methods provided adequate postoperative analgesia and epidural fentanyl provided both local and systemic mediated analgesia.

No description available.

Objective: To assess the effects of ceramic opacity and thickness on delivered radiant exposure and degree of conversion and microhardness of the light-cured resin cement. Materials and Methods: IPS e-Max ceramic discs (Ivoclar Vivadent) were fabricated in 3 thicknesses (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5mm) and 4 opacities (HT, LT, MO, HO) (n=3/per group). Light-cured resin cement (Variolink Veneer Luting Cement - shade MVO, Ivoclar Vivadent) 50µm thick was cured through these ceramics disks using a quartz tungsten halogen curing light unit (Optilux 501, Kerr) with its radiant exposure measured by MARC from a fixed distance (1.5mm). Knoop microhardness was used to evaluate the bottom degree of cure and was correlated with the radiant exposure deliverd. Descriptive statistics were conducted. One- and two-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey's HSD test, Pearson correlation test, the simple linear regression analysis were used for the statistical analyses (alpha=0.05). Results: Significant interaction was found between ceramic thickness and opacity on radiant exposure (p=0.0078). Subsequent analyses demonstrated that there was a significant simple effect for opacity and for thickness on radiant exposure under different conditions of thickness and opacity. A significant relationship was found between resin cement microhardness and radiant exposure (p=0.0001) below 4.5 J/cm2. Moreover, the Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.93 indicated a strong correlation between the two variables below 4.5 J/cm2 of radiant exposure delivered. Conclusion: Ceramic opacity and thickness affect the polymerization of light-cured resin cements and need to be considered and compensated for when bonding indirect restorations. Based upon the findings of this preliminary study, the final study is ongoing.

No description available.

This capstone project was part of a team project completed by two school principals in Hillsborough County, Florida. The project began because of our passion for meeting the needs of our students in urban high poverty schools being supported by varying district turnaround initiatives. We looked at our district’s previous and current attempts to increase student success in high poverty schools. We questioned the ways in which supports and resources were provided, and we explored ways through which success in high poverty schools might be increased by redefining the supports and resources provided. Our appreciative exploration of the topic was guided by the question, what successful examples of services and supports have contributed to an increase in success for students in high poverty schools? Considering that the majority of SBHCs exist in schools with high poverty rates, I was interested in what services were provided and how accessible they were. I looked for literature using the following keywords: wrap around services, school based health centers, health and student achievement. School-Based Health Centers improve access to healthcare, which can help to identify and address health risk behaviors and contribute to more stable attendance at school. More instructional seat time can contribute to improved academic outcomes. The preventative role played by SBHCs can reduce barriers to learning, such as treating undiagnosed mental and physical illnesses. School-Based Health Centers provide wraparound services so that issues impacting students such as obesity or asthma can be addressed on a school’s campus where key mental health, medical and school professionals can collaborate to meet the needs of students.

The increasing number of Latino students presents unique challenges to and infinite possibilities for the educational system. Significant numbers of second-generation Latino students are considered at risk for completing a high school credentialing program. Latino students in public and private high schools were more likely to drop out than their White counterparts, and this has curtailed the advancement of Latinos into post-secondary settings. Ultimately, this impacts economic upward mobility. Furthermore, males are more likely than females to drop out of high school, are more frequently disciplined, suspended, and/or expelled from school than their gender counterparts (Perkins-Gough, 2006; Sacks, 2005; Solórzano,Villalpando, & Oseguera, 2005; Yosso & Solórzano, 2006). This phenomenologically informed multi-case study was conducted to report the recollections of second-generation Latino high school students involved in one high school credentialing option, the Adult Basic Education (ABE)/Under-aged General Education Development (GED) Program. The study relied primarily on gathering data via semi-structured interviews yielding audiotaped transcripts, engaging in recording personal notes in a journal, and amassing pertinent documents for analysis. The results of the study revealed that alternative programs such as the ABE/Under-aged GED program serve an important purpose. Students, who require a more structured environment with a lower student to teacher ratio and greater academic focus than the traditional high school context, can earn a high school credential despite obstacles which have cast them in the category referred to as at risk. Such was the case with the five Latinos who were the subjects of the study. They all successfully navigated the program, mastered the curriculum and earned a General Education Development credential. In order to accomplish this feat, these Latinos demonstrated resilience, persistence, and tenacity in the face of peer-pressure, poverty, illness, single-parent family dynamics, and self-doubt. Moreover, the development of positive relationships with and among all stakeholders must be a priority for everyone in the school building. Schools which create a culture that is caring, consistent, and comprehensible have positive influences on all school stakeholders. A school culture and climate that fosters positive student-teacher, student-administrator, and teacher-administrator relationships provides an environmental protective factor that increases the likelihood of academic and personal resilience for students. The conclusions which were constructed utilized an inquiry framework based upon a critical perspective, primarily in the Latinoa/Latino Critical Race Theory tradition. The interwoven concepts of Leadership for Social Justice and the Ethics of Accountability Practice were paramount in searching for the real-life possibilities of how educational leadership is capable of enhancing and/or hindering the educational experiences of these Latino students. A greater number of questions rather than answers were generated regarding what can be done to aid a rapidly expanding student population and even more specifically, the issues associated with Latino males who struggle to succeed in attaining a high school credential at an alarming rate

Amygel® is an injectable biodegradable controlled release drug delivery system with adjustable release kinetics determined by varying the concentrations of the polymeric components of the material. Amygel® is a starch based biodegradable hydrogel consisting of an interpenetrating network of physically entangled amylose and amylopectin polymer chains crosslinked with d-glucaric acid. Amylose and amylopectin are the two components of naturally occurring starch. The immiscibility of the amylose and amylopectin due to differences in solubility parameter and chain size induces phase separation within the network but because the chains entangled during hydrolysis an interpenetrating network is formed. The chemically reactive carboxyl groups of the dglucaric acid react with the –OH groups of the amylose and amylopectin chains via condensation creating an ester linkage. This ester linkage degrades according to the same hydrolytic mechanism of the main chain backbone resulting in the release of di-acid while the hydrolysis of the acetal bonds of the amylose and the amylopectin results in the generation of glucose monomers, maltose dimers, and maltotriose trimers which can all be safely consumed by the surrounding cells in the tissue. Raman Spectroscopy confirms the formation of ester linkages with the addition of d-glucaric acid to starch gels. With the addition of the chemical crosslinker, the elastic modulus of the starch hydrogel increases. Also, with increased crosslink concentration, the degradation time of the system is extended. D-glucaric acid is a proven anti-carcinogenic agent, and there is evidence that Amygel® inhibits the cell proliferation of osteosarcomas by up to 70%.

The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether participation in the buddy program at a large public research university in the Southeastern United States by international students and students who have studied abroad is perceived to contribute to a keener sense of belonging, elimination of loneliness, and formation of social networks (Cheng 2004). Cheng describes these three aspects as “directly associated with his or her [student’s] sense of community” (p. 221). Through in-depth interviews, the researcher explores perceptions of community between the two populations of students.

Toś te knigły su pocesćenje nestora dolnoserbskego duchownstwa Herberta Nowaka k jogo 90. narodninam. Woni wopśimjeju starše a nowe serbske prijatkowanja a su rownocasnje pomnik skoro wotzabyteje klasiskeje dolnoserbskeje cerkwineje rĕcy. Daś Bog ten Knĕz wam wobraźijo spodobne cytanje. / Das vorliegende Buch wurde anlässlich des 90. Geburtstages des niedersorbischen Pfarrers Herbert Nowak herausgegeben. Es beinhaltet ältere und neue Predigten sowie Hörfunkandachten in sorbischer/wendischer Sprache und setzt damit sowohl Herbert Nowak - als Geistlichem und Gelehrten - als auch der klassischen niedersorbischen Kirchensprache ein Denkmal. Möge es die Leser darin befleißigen, den Reichtum unserer Muttersprache zu erkennen und zu genießen.