Magistro baigiamojo darbo pavadinimas „Tranzitinio krovinių gabenimo antžeminėmis transporto priemonėmis teisiniai aspektai (Lietuvos Respublikos pavyzdžiu)“. Minėta darbą sudaro įvadas, trys pagrindinės dalys ir išvados bei pasiūlymai. Analizuojant tranzitinio kroviniu gabenimo teisinius aspektus autorė remiasi teisės normomis, įtvirtintomis tarptautiniuose, ES ir Lietuvos nacionaliniuose teisės aktuose. / In the introduction of the master thesis named „Legal aspects of goods’ transit carriage by overland means of transport (on the example of Republic of Lithuania)“ author points on main problems, aims of the work and main methods, which were used while writing the thesis, also the hypothesis is being put forward. In the first part author analyses the specificity of goods transportation by overland transport. The features of overland means of transport are being pointed, also author gives the statistic data, which were used while analysing volumes of goods, transported by overland transport. In the second part – attention is being pointed on transit carriage of goods, their features are being discussed. The statistic data help to trace tendencies on change of volumes of transit carriage of goods in Lithuania. In the third part legal documents, which regulate transit carriage of goods by road and railway transport are being discussed. The main part of analysed documents are international conventions, while international conventions unify the rules of behaviour, applied to certain public relations. The final master thesis finishes with conclusions and propositions.

The purpose of the study was to trace the route of William Wright Anderson who traveled overland to Oregon from St. Joseph, Missouri in 1848 and then on to California in 1849. It was to be determined what guidebook(s) and/or map(s) he used on his journey. The identification of places, individuals, terms, and events while on the journey and while in Oregon and California were to be included in the study.The diary and memoirs were purposely to be kept as nearly as possible to their original state as not to lose the historical value and flavor of the manuscript. However, a minimal amount of editing was necessary to insure clarity.Findings1. It was determined that Anderson used Joel Palmer's guidebook Palmer's Journal of Travels Over the Rocky Mountains, 1845-1846, while on the Oregon Trail.2. Numerous geographical features and places were identified on the Oregon Trail, in Oregon, on the overland trail from Oregon to California, and in California.3. Numerous pioneers and contemporaries with who Anderson came in contact were identified. These included, most notably, Joe Meek, Antoine Reynal, Jr., Thomas "Peg-Leg" Smith, Philip Foster, Henderson Luelling, Alanson Beers, and Elisha, John, and Charles Packwood. 4. Various terms no longer in use were identified as to their meaning. Examples included were: “deadening," "thimble-rigging," "clever," and "hewer."5. Anderson was directly involved in several historical events which included: the meeting of Oregon representative Joe Meek on Meek's trip to Washington, D.C., the meeting of the soldiers searching for the murders of Marcus and Narcissa Whitman, the manufacture of the famous "Beaver Money" in Oregon, the growth of Coloma, California after the gold discovery, and the rise and decline of the California gold mining operations.ConclusionThe Anderson manuscript is of great historical value because the timing and extent of his travels coincided with many historical events. The work is a historical treasure for scholars studying Oregon or California history of the period.

Variations in drainage density have been observed in a range of environments as the perennial stream network expands into headwater reaches. This network expansion and contraction results in large changes in drainage density and as such, has implications for the connectivity of the catchment and the associated flux of water, sediments and solutes. One environment where these changes have been observed is peatlands. The accurate characterisation of catchment connectivity in peatlands is desirable for a number of reasons, not least to understand the controls on carbon flux. In addition, the accurate characterisation of these systems will help us to predict the impacts of a changing climate. It is hitherto been difficult to quantify changes in connectivity due to the logistical difficulties of monitoring this phenomenon. The use of Electrical Resistance (ER) technology has shown potential to detect the presence and absence of water. This method is built on here and a range of sensors are developed to monitor connectivity at high temporal and spatial resolutions, specifically flow in ephemeral portions of the channel network, pipeflow and overland flow. The study takes places in the Upper North Grain research catchment, a small peatland headwater catchment in the south Pennines, UK. The data collected on ephemeral streamflows highlight the importance of water table as a control on changes in network extent in the study catchment, as the presence or absence of flow at each site is strongly controlled by local water table. This allows the minimum and maximum drainage density within the catchment to be determined, as well how frequently these states occur. Pipe stormflow generation appears to be strongly linked to the production of saturation excess overland flow. The pipe network is very sensitive to small inputs of rainfall. In contrast, pipe baseflows seem to be controlled by water table level as pipes are fed by seepage from the peat mass. Pipe behaviour could not be related to any of the morphological characteristics presented here and is though to be dependent on the subsurface morphology of the pipe network. Overland flow production was monitored at a gully head and gully side location. At the gully head the incidence of overland flow increased with distance from the gully edge due to higher local water tables encouraging the production of saturation excess overland flow. At the gully side, extreme water table drawdown has caused the peat to become hydrophobic and the incidence of overland flow is high here, due to infiltration excess. This signifies a major advancement in our knowledge of runoff pathways in peatlands as the importance of infiltration excess overland flow has not been acknowledged until now. In general, ephemeral streamflows occur before the production of either overland flow or pipeflow as incident rainfall causes saturation of the gully floors. The temporal pattern of overland flow and pipeflow is similar, although pipeflow continues after overland flow ceases and is thought to be fed by shallow subsurface flow on the recession limb. Both overland flow and pipeflow precede discharge at the catchment outlet by several minutes. The interaction of these processes is examined under both ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ antecedent conditions. The data collected here provide an accurate characterisation of the dynamics of, and controls on, peatland connectivity under current climatic conditions, providing a reference point to which future observations can be compared.

The overarching objective of this study was the development, validation and testing of an improved watershed modeling framework that accounts for the effects of spatial heterogeneity on overland flow and erosion processes and it is computationally sound for shallow, overland flows with shock waves. Most of the existing soil erosion models determine fluxes of water and sediment with the assumption of a homogeneous hill. In these models the physical and biogeochemical properties of the heterogeneous hill are spatially averaged, without considering roughness and longitudinal curvature effects as well as differences in the land use/land cover -LU/LC- and soil properties along the hill. This issue was addressed by improving the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP-Original version 2010.1) soil erosion model at the hillslope scale to account for the physics in terms of spatial heterogeneity in flow using a well-established shock-capturing numerical scheme. The improved WEPP model, referred to as "WEPP-Improved" model was (i) validated via detailed field experiments within an experimental plot and (ii) tested via generic simulations at the hillslope scale covering a variety of scenarios in terms of topography, LU/LC and soil type. Results showed that the WEPP-Improved model could effectively simulate the unsteadiness of the flow as well as the required time (lag) for the flow rate to reach equilibrium conditions. However, the model provided only a steady-state sediment transport rate and could capture only the equilibrium conditions. Further, the WEPP-Improved model reflected the effects of curvature, LU/LC and soil type on flow, as the model did not treat the hillslope as a homogeneous unit. Based on the generic simulations, landscape variability resulted to differences in the predicted peak runoff rate, Qpeak, between the WEPP-Improved vs. WEPP-Original models ranging ~ 3 - 62 % (avg. 19 %) due to curvature effects only, ~ 17 - 170 % (avg. ~ 66 %) due to added effects of LU/LC variability and ~ 5 % - 200 % (avg. ~ 52 %) due to added effects of soil type variability. The highest reported differences on the predicted Qpeak between the two models were attributed to the formation of the shock waves; these differences were dominant for the low in magnitude storm event and attenuated for the high event. It is believed that if the physical processes are represented accurately at the hillslope scale using the suggested modeling framework, then by utilizing an appropriate routing scheme of the flow and sediment within the stream network, it will be possible to scale-up the flow/sediment routing from the hillslope to the watershed scale without losing the degree of heterogeneity encapsulated from different hillslopes within the drainage network.