Thesis (M. S.)--Ohio State University, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-66).

Despite warnings about the implications of excess weight for health, U.K. Government statistics show that the number of men who are becoming overweight/obese is continuing to increase. Evidence also points to overweight males experiencing social disapproval reflected in negative character attributions and discrimination, as well as increasing body dissatisfaction.

A Research Report submitted to the School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters in Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Johannesburg, February 2014 / Background: Overweight continues to be a major indicator of adulthood non-communicable diseases (NCDs) risk and can be linked to early childhood and adolescent dietary lifestyles. Research has shown that the burden of childhood and adolescent overweight in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and especially in South Africa is rising. There is therefore an urgent need to address this burden in the context of overweight risk related to nutrition transition. The current study used Birth to Twenty (BT20) cohort study data to examine the association between dietary intake and overweight status of 17-year old adolescents residing in Soweto, South Africa in 2007/2008. Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted including 227 seventeen-year old adolescents (43.6% boys) from the BT20 cohort study. A modified quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used to estimate dietary intake. Height and weight were measured by trained research assistants and overweight was categorized using the International Obesity Task Force (IOBTF) cut-offs. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to examine the association between overweight category (BMI) and dietary intake, socio-demographic factors and other covariates. The base reference used for Body Mass Index (BMI) category was normal weight. Results: The overall overweight prevalence was 14.5% (33/227), and prevalence of underweight was 23.3% (53/227) among the 17-year old Soweto adolescents. The prevalence of overweight was significantly higher in girls (19.3%) than boys (8.1%). The prevalence of underweight was 33.3% for boys and 15.6% for girls. The univariate analysis found the following macronutrient intake positively associated with boys’ BMI category: fat 189.4g (IQR=119.9-239.8, P<0.001), proteins 154.6g (IQR = 98.7-198.2, P<0.001) and carbohydrate 673.1g (IQR = 461-794.2, P<0.001). The following macronutrients: fat 176.4g (IQR = 99.5-220.1, P<0.001), proteins 126.1g (IQR = 70.4-145, P<0.001.) and carbohydrates 523.1g (IQR = 326.6-640.9, P<0.001) were positively associated with girls’ BMI category. The socio-demographic factors found associated with girls’ BMI were ethnicity (p=0.042) and maternal education (p=0.05). Also factors such as washing machine ownership (p=0.046), and parents having a car (p=0.048) were positively associated with boys BMI category. The multinomial logistic regression showed no significant differences in dietary intake when overweight boys were compared to normal weight boys: fat intake (RRR=0.99, 95% CI=0.95-1.01), carbohydrate (RRR=0.99, 95% CI=.96-1.01) and energy intake (RRR=1.01, 95% CI=0.99-1.01). Similar non significant results were observed for girls: fat intake (RRR=1.0, 95% CI =0.96-1.01), carbohydrate (RRR=1.0, 95% CI =0.99-1.02) and energy intake (RRR=1.0, 95% CI=0.99-1.01). Girls from the coloured community were more likely to be underweight than black African girls (RRR= 2.8, 95% CI=0.89-8.57). The results also showed that girls from mixed ancestral community (RRR= 0.25, 95% CI=0.05-1.20) were less likely to be overweight than black African girls. Discussion and Conclusion: The survey indicated high prevalence of both underweight and overweight among 17 year old adolescents residing in Soweto. This underscores the urgent need for both underweight and overweight prevention interventions and also highlights the need for an integrated surveillance system for both underweight and overweight among South African adolescents.

Thesis--PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 64 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 38-40).

published_or_final_version / Paediatrics / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Orientador: Angelina Zanesco / Banca: Eliete Luciano / Banca: Everardo Magalhães Carneiro / Resumo: Participaram da pesquisa 14 mulheres apresentando sobrepeso com idade média de 40l2 anos e IMC de 30l1 Kg/m2, que foram submetidas à um programa de exercícios aeróbios moderados durante 24 semanas, 3 vezes por semana, com sessões de 1 hora aliados à restrição calórica de 15% da necessidade energética total. Análises bioquímicas dos níveis séricos de colesterol total, HDL colesterol, LDL colesterol, triglicerídeos, leptina e glicemia foram realizados antes e após o protocolo experimental, por meio de amostras de sangue e kits específicos. As participantes foram submetidas a um teste de capacidade aeróbia (ergométrico submáximo em bicicleta) a fim de avaliar possíveis déficits na capacidade aeróbia ocasionados pelo excesso de peso. Analisou-se também o peso corporal e a relação cintura/quadril como parâmetro de alteração na massa corporal. Os resultados encontrados no estudo mostram que as voluntárias apresentaram perfil lipídico, glicose sangüínea e níveis pressóricos basais dentro da faixa de normalidade. Os níveis de colesterol total, triglicerídeos, glicose sangüínea, LDL colesterol e freqüência cardíaca apresentaram redução significativa, enquanto que os níveis de HDL colesterol foram significativamente aumentados. Os valores de pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, o consumo máximo de oxigênio e os níveis séricos de leptina não apresentaram qualquer alteração. Nossos achados mostram que o programa de treinamento aeróbio de intensidade moderada aliado à restrição calórica melhorou o perfil lipídico das voluntárias e essa melhora não foi acompanhada por qualquer mudança nos dados antropométricos e nos níveis plasmáticos de leptina. / Abstract: Fourteen overweight women, mean age 40 2 and BMI 30l1 were submitted to restrictive diet and dynamic exercise for 24 weeks, 3 days a week, 60 minutes for each session in an intensity of 60% VO2max . Blood samples were collect at baseline and after 24 weeks of dynamic exercise. Biochemical analyses of serum leptin levels, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride were measured by specific kits. The participants were submitted to aerobic capacity test to evaluating the possible obesity deficits in aerobic capacity. The body mass index and the waist-rip ratio were measured to evaluate anthropometric parameters. Our findings show that the volunteers had lipid profile, blood glucose and blood pressure were at normal range. Total cholesterol levels, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose and heart rate were significant decreased after 24 weeks of physical exercise and restrictive diet. A significant increased in HDL cholesterol levels were found. The exercise training employed by us did not alter the anthropometric parameters, serum leptin levels, maximum oxygen uptake and blood pressure values. In conclusion, dynamic exercise for 24 weeks provokes an improvement of lipid profile without changing in anthropometric parameters and serum leptin level. / Mestre

Recent research has shown an association between low dietary calcium intake and obesity in adults as well as overweight in young children; however, this relationship has not been investigated in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between inadequate calcium intake and overweight in adolescents. The hypothesis of this study was that there is a negative correlation between dietary calcium intake and overweight in adolescents. The study population consisted of middle school and high school students (n = 102) in a local school district. The gender and ethnic distributions of the sample were as follows: 74% female, 26% male, 63% Caucasian, 16% African-American, 12% Hispanic, and 8% other. Dietary calcium and energy intakes were assessed using a previously validated calcium-focused food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for youths. Calcium intake was also assessed using a single question on daily milk consumption. The FFQ was administered by trained interviewers to groups of three to five students. Body fat was assessed using body mass index for age (BMI-for-age) and sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds (STS). The mean reported calcium intake was 1,972 ± 912 mg/day, and mean reported energy intake was 3,421 ± 1,710 kcals/day. Reported calcium intake from the FFQ was inflated since approximately 75% reported drinking less than three glasses of milk a day. According to BMI-for-age, 29% were classified as at risk of overweight or overweight. Using STS, 39% were classified as overweight. Chi-square analysis using either method of dietary calcium intake and either method of overweight assessment did not show dependence between categories of calcium intake and level of weight or body fat. This study failed to show a relationship between dietary calcium intake and risk of overweight or overweight in adolescents.