V této práci prozkoumáváme existující algoritmy pro přijímání jazyků definovaných bezkontextovými gramatikami. Na základě těchto znalostí navrhujeme nový model pro reprezentaci LR automatů a s jeho pomocí definujeme nový algoritmus LSCELR. Modifikujeme algoritmy pro přijímání jazyků k vytvoření algoritmů pro překlad založený na překladových gramatikách. Definujeme atributové překladové gramatiky jako rozšířené překladové gramatiky pro definici vztahů mezi vstupními a výstupními symboly překladu. Implementujeme překladový framework ctf založený na gramatikách, který implementuje překlad pomocí LSCELR. Definujeme jazyk pro popis atributových překladových gramatik a implementujeme překladač pro překlad této reprezentace do zdrojového kódu pro implementovaný framework.

This diploma thesis deals with diminutives, a special type of words that can express something smaller than usual (i.e. quantitative modification) or the speaker's attitude and feelings (often positive) towards an object or a person (i.e. qualitative modification). In flectional and agglutinant languages (such as Czech and Finnish), diminutives are mostly formed by adding a diminutive suffix to the stem of a base word. This work aims to examine whether Czech diminutives are also translated to Finnish with the use of a diminutive form. If they are not directly translatable, this work is to find out what equivalent does the translator use instead. In the theoretical part, I give a brief description of diminutive suffixes in Czech and Finnish. Most of these suffixes can have more functions than just forming diminutives. Another problem is the process of lexicalisation when a diminutive form acquires a new meaning and becomes a new lexical unit of the language. This means that a selection is needed to be made to exclude words that have a diminutive form but not a diminutive meaning. The practical part is based on an analysis of data from a corpus that contains fifteen Czech books and their translations to Finnish. I selected fifteen frequent diminutives and attempted to find out how they are translated...

During the research project "The situation of literary translation in Czech society after 1945", which was initiated by the Institute of Translation studies of the Faculty of Arts of Charles University and undertaken between 2008 and 2011, nearly thirty interviews were conducted with important Czech translators of the post-war generation. This thesis follows the cited research project. It is divided into three parts. The first part presents an introduction to the methods of oral history. The second part confronts objective historical facts with subjective memory - information obtained through the conducted interviews. The third part expands the corpus with two further sets of interviews. These are introduced by a short depiction of the presented narrators and followed by an editorial note. In the summary the paper points out and evaluates the results gained by the present research, including the newly collected material.

This thesis presents a contrastive analysis of the English pragmatic markers now and well and their Czech translation equivalents. The overall material is based on 200+12 occurrences that were excerpted from the electronic parallel corpus InterCorp, with all the instances appearing in fictional dialogues. The contrastive study focuses on the role of translation as a means to understand better the nature of the two pragmatic markers. It analyzes specific marker-collocate sequences and the respective Czech translation equivalents. It demonstrates that certain marker-collocate sequences have a tendency to be translated by specific Czech translation equivalents and that the role of other factors, such as position in discourse structure, prosody, and broader context, play in this respect an important role as well. All this and the finding that both now and well share certain Czech translation equivalents add to the multifunctionality of both now and well and prove that a combination of other factors is needed to comprehend the use of the two pragmatic markers in English. The comparison of the Czech translation equivalents in this thesis to the Czech translation equivalents in the Czech-English dictionary Lingea attempted to provide an example of how a contrastive analysis can be useful in Lexicography.

This dissertation deals with the verbal expressions in Japanese, which respond to infinitive constructions in Czech. Japanese does not have grammatical form corresponding with infinitive. The aim of the dissertation is therefore to find semantic equivalents on the basis of contrastive analysis and to evaluate their typicality from the point of view of frequency of repetition. The theoretical background of dissertation provides systematic description of the infinitive category and description of morphology of the Japanese verbal expressions, which were drawn up on the basis of the accumulated materials from different grammars, Czech and Japanese. The study deals with the analysis of examples as such, corresponding expressions are described in terms of their grammatical function and meaning. In the bachelor work, we came from the Czech texts translated into Japanese, in the dissertation we worked with the Japanese texts translated into the Czech language. The confrontational analysis was carried out in the opposite direction with the intention to find out to which extent the expressions are translated into Czech using the infinitive which the Japanese translators replace with the Czech infinitive.

Title: Translated Czech and Its Characteristics Author: Mgr. Lucie Chlumská Department: Institute of the Czech National Corpus Supervisor: doc. Mgr. Václav Cvrček, Ph.D. Abstract: Despite the fact that translated literature accounts for more than one third of all written publications in the Czech Republic, Czech in translations has not yet been systematically analyzed from a quantitative point of view. The main objective of this corpus-based dissertation is to identify characteristic features of translated Czech com- pared to Czech in original, i.e. non-translated texts. The analysis was based on a large monolingual comparable corpus Jerome, created for the purposes of this study. It inclu- des both fiction and non-fiction texts and its design reflects the real Czech situation regarding the translations' source languages, i.e. translations from English prevail. The research was inspired by the theory of translation universals (typical linguistic featu- res common to any translated text) and focused mainly on simplification, convergence and general frequency characteristics, including parts-of-speech distribution and n-gram analysis. The findings have supported the hypothesis that translated Czech, as reflected in the Jerome corpus, is different from the non-translated Czech in terms of higher degree of...

The subject of the present paper is an analysis of two formally similar comment clauses (CCs henceforth) you know and you see with the help of a parallel corpus InterCorp. First, the focus is put on their pragmatic functions; it is attempted to find out whether they perform all the functions that can be realized by you-oriented CCs as identified and characterized by Povolná (2010), i.e. whether they can be found both as appealers and empathizers, inform markers and monitors, and whether they prefer a certain sentence-position. Second, the present paper studies the Czech translation counterparts of the selected CCs; it attempts to offer a summary of the strategies concerning the translation of the CCs into Czech and to identify their most typical Czech equivalents. It also examines to what extend the type of the pragmatic function influences the translation. The theoretical part summarizes the history of the phenomenon of CCs and characterizes and describes two approaches generally applied to CCs: CCs as ordinary clause constituents (Quirk et al. (1985)) vs. CCs as discourse markers (Povolná (2010)). Also offered is the treatment of the equivalents of CCs in the Czech grammars (Cvrček et al. (2010), Daneš, Hlavsa et al. (1987) and Karlík and Grepl (1998, 1999)). The methodological part summarizes...

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyse and describe the Czech translation counterparts of English present- and perfect-participial clauses which function as postmodifiers and adverbials. Although there is a formal counterpart of the English participle - the transgressive - this form is considered very marked and archaic in Czech. Therefore, based on an analysis of 210 sentences excerpted from three American works of contemporary fiction, the thesis describes the recurrent patterns used in the translation of the forms in question. The analysis confirmed the findings of previous studies that while English prefers nominal and verbo- nominal means of expressions, Czech relies rather on verbal expression. The majority of the translation counterparts are divergent correspondences, above all finite clauses connected paratactically to the counterpart of the matrix clause. Although the translation of a participle by a finite verb form is more explicit, the coordinative relation makes it possible to retain the semantic indeterminacy of the relation between the clauses which is specific for participial constructions. Key words: participle, participial clause, transgressive, postmodifier, adverbial, translation counterparts

This diploma thesis examines English have-presentative sentences and their Czech translational counterparts. Have-presentative sentences have a similar function to there- existentials, i.e. they introduce a new element on the scene. From the FSP point of view, the subject is context-dependent in these sentences and serves thus as a rheme, e.g. We have a long trip ahead of us (Ebeling 2000: 1) or The tree has a nest in it (Ebeling 2000: 228). The possessive meaning of have is weakened in these sentences and could be thus described as existential, which is possible to attest by the means of alternative there-construction (There's a long trip ahead of us.; There's a nest in the tree.). The theoretical part summarizes the treatment of have in various grammar books, its semantics and diverse functions. Furthermore, it briefly discusses the theory of functional sentence perspective (FSP) as defined by Firbas (1992) and explore different presentative constructions with emphasis on have- and there-presentatives. Finally, it describes the Czech verb mít - its semantics and function, and explores FSP with regard to Czech. The aim of the analysis was to gather 200 examples of have-presentatives extracted from the Czech-English parallel corpus InterCorp v10, examine its Czech translational counterparts and...

This MA thesis is first of all concerned with the distribution of different types of reference of the English demonstrative pronoun this. Reference can be divided into exophoric (personal, spatial, temporal, discourse, social, empathetic, and emotional deixis), endophoric (anaphora and cataphora), and non-phoric reference (introductory and recognitional). The second aim of this thesis is to study the way by which the individual occurrences of the pronoun this with different reference are translated into the Czech language. The sample that was studied consisted of 219 occurrences of this collected from three British plays: The Caretaker (1960) by Harold Pinter, The Public Eye (1962) by Peter Shaffer, and The Real Inspector Hound (1968) by Tom Stoppard. The Czech translations of these plays were used for the second part of the research. The analysis of the plays showed that the most frequent type of reference of this is exophoric deictic reference, more precisely its subtype spatial deixis. The outcome of the translational analysis was the finding that this is most frequently translated by the Czech demonstrative pronoun ten. Keywords: demonstrative pronoun this, reference distribution, exophora, deixis, endophora, non-phoric reference, Czech translation equivalents