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What's the catch? Archaeological application of rapid collagen-based species identification for Pacific SalmonKorzow Richter, K., McGrath, K., Masson-MacLean, E., Hickinbotham, S., Tedder, Andrew, Britton, K., Bottomley, Z., Dobney, K., Hulme-Beaman, A., Zona, M., Fischer, R., Collins, M.J., Speller, C.F. 07 April 2020 (has links)
Yes / Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) are ecological and cultural keystone species along the Northwest Coast of North America and are ubiquitous in archaeological sites of the region. The inability to morphologically identify salmonid post-cranial remains to species, however, can limit our understanding of the ecological and cultural role different taxa played in the seasonal subsistence practices of Indigenous groups in the past. Here, we present a rapid, cost-effective ZooMS method to distinguish salmonid species based on collagen peptide mass-fingerprinting. Using modern reference material and an assemblage of 28 DNA-identified salmonid bones from the pre-contact Yup'ik site of Nunalleq, Western Alaska, we apply high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify a series of potential collagen peptide markers to distinguish Pacific salmon. We then confirm these peptide markers with a blind ZooMS analysis (MALDI-TOF-MS) of the archaeological remains. We successfully distinguish five species of anadromous salmon with this ZooMS approach, including one specimen that could not be identified through ancient DNA analysis. Our biomolecular identification of chum (43%), sockeye (21%), chinook (18%), coho (11%) and pink (7%), confirm the exploitation of all five available species of salmonid at Nunalleq.
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Interdependence, state competition, and national policy : regulating the British Columbia and Washington Pacific salmon fisheries, 1957-1984Urquhart, Ian Thomas January 1987 (has links)
This study explores the politics of regulating the British Columbia and Washington commercial salmon fisheries between 1937 and 1984. The principal focus of this comparative-historical study is upon one particularly striking exception to the tendency of regulators to tighten commercial salmon fishing restrictions over time - the persistence of liberal offshore trolling regulations. The dissertation argues that the anomalous treatment of the offshore troll fishery during this period may be ascribed to the competition between states for the right to harvest salmon - a common property resource.
In making this claim, the study questions the adequacy of the interest-group driven explanations of policy which figure prominently in the literature on regulation. Two pillars of interest group theory, the tendencies to explain national policy only through reference to domestic politics and to reduce state behaviour to little more than the product of the demands of private sector interests, are challenged in this comparative case study.
The challenge to the first tendency of interest group theory is sustained by examining the relations between national regulatory preferences and the foreign fishery policy goals of Canada and the United States. The pursuit of two goals - Asian exclusion and North American equity - in bilateral and multilateral negotiations demanded the adoption of particular regulatory profiles. Liberal offshore troll regulations may be explained according to the legitimacy and bargaining advantages they lent to Canadian and American efforts to incorporate these two goals into modifications to the traditional fishery regime.
The study also suggests that, in a setting characterized by intergovernmental competition, regulatory policies may not always be equated with the preferences of interested private parties. In this setting the state's ability or willingness to respond to even the most influential private sector interests may be limited by the state's evaluation of its bargaining resources and requirements. State competition created a context where government attitudes towards offshore salmon fishing could be understood in terms of state preferences, preferences derived from officials' perceptions of the legitimacy of various national regulatory policies in the context of valued international institutions.
While state competition is the centrepiece of the explanation of national fishery policy developed in this study its explanatory power is mediated by two intervening institutional variables - the capacities of states to formulate and implement policies and the structure of the international regime itself. The level of knowledge regarding the salmon resource played an instrumental role in the formulation of regime goals and of pertinent national policies. The extent to which state management in offshore waters was fragmented between different bureaus affected the ability of officials to adopt national policies which suited their international purposes. The redistribution of the American state's fishery management capacity in the 1970s was a catalyst for the severe restrictions visited upon Washington trailers at that time.
A second institutional factor, the structure of the international fishery regime, also mediated the competition between states. The series of reciprocal fishing privileges agreements between Canada and the United States was particularly important in maintaining established offshore regulatory preferences during the 1970s when the clash between American and Canadian salmon fishery perspectives was intensifying. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate
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Estimation of average and incremental net economic values of Oregon ocean sport-caught salmon : an aggregated travel cost approachRaja Abdullah, Nik Mustapha bin 30 November 1988 (has links)
The main objective of this study was to estimate the demand for
and value of Oregon ocean sport-caught salmon fishery. The primary
technique employed to estimate the recreational demand was an
aggregated zone average travel cost method (TCM).
The willingness of an angler to pay was deduced from the
estimated demand for recreational fishing. The concept of consumers'
surplus was used in conjunction with the travel-cost based demand
functions to estimate the net economic value of Oregon ocean sport-caught
salmon. The net economic value computed for the pooled data
from all ten ports was found to be about $6.4 million. This value
was calculated based on the total travel cost per mile of one-way
distance equal to 72 cents.
The regional travel cost method (RTCM) was developed to measure
the effects of substitutes and quality variables in the travel cost
model. A system of a linear demand equations for the six larger
ports was estimated by the seemingly unrelated regression equation (SURE) method. The substitute distances as proxies for substitute
prices were found to be insignificant for this model. Likewise,
attempts to include substitute distances using indexes constructed by
the Principal Component analysis failed to give significant results,
with the exception of Garibaldi and Brookings. The total net
economic value for the regional travel cost model estimated by SURE
was $9.1 million.
The incremental value per coho equivalent was also assessed by
using the relationship between catch and effort per month by port.
The coho equivalent was constructed on the basis of average weights
of the commercial salmon catch, which was roughly two coho to one
chinook salmon. The weighted average incremental value per coho and
chinook was found to be $23.46 and $43.17, respectively. These
values were about 50 percent of their respective average values.
A total of 66 out of 234 distance zones created had zero values.
Tobit analysis was employed to efficiently estimate the recreational
demand from this kind of data. From the estimated demand function, a
net economic value of about $12.7 million was obtained. This value
was higher than those estimated by the SURE method and the OLS in the
simple model.
It should be noted that all the above value estimates were based
upon demand models that were not consistent with the theory of
consumer demand. However, a theoretically consistent system of
demand equations was estimated and presented in Appendix D. This
model fitted the data better than the other models and should give
more accurate estimates of consumer surplus. / Graduation date: 1989
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Macroinvertebrate drift abundance below Bonneville Dam and its relation to juvenile salmonid food habitsMuir, William Douglas 01 January 1990 (has links)
There is a paucity of information concerning the invertebrate food resources available to juvenile salmonids in the Columbia River as they migrate seaward. Construction of mainstream dams has altered the temperature cycle, flow regime, and substrate which indigenous invertebrates were adapted to. Studies on how the macroinvertebrate community has adapted to these alterations have been neglected. This study was undertaken to help fill this void.
Macroinvertebrate drift samples were collected over a three year period in the Columbia . River downstream from Bonneville Dam. Samples were collected with a D-ring plankton net fished on the bottom for one-half hour. Two sites were sampled; Ives Island (RKM 230), from 1987 through 1989, and Lady Island (RKM 193), in 1988 and 1989.
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The angler as environmentalist : Oregon Trout and the fight to save the wild salmon of the Columbia RiverRosenberg, John P. 01 January 1991 (has links)
This paper traces the history of Oregon Trout, an environmental organization in Portland, Oregon, from its beginning in the fall of 1983 through the spring of 1990, when it filed petitions on behalf of four stocks of Columbia and Snake River salmon under the Endangered Species Act. It focuses on Oregon Trout's efforts to preserve the wild salmon of the Columbia River as a contemporary example of anglers acting as environmentalists to conserve threatened or endangered species. According to historian John Reiger in American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, hunters and anglers have been acting in this role in the United States since the Civil War, well before the Progressive Era in which the conservation movement is generally thought to have originated. However, the paper contends that Oregon Trout's advocacy for the interests of fish rather than fishermen is unique in the tradition to which Reiger points.
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Treaty past, treaty present : an interdisciplinary analysis of the Pacific Salmon Treaty through examination of the values, culture and political structures that provide definitionEvans, Paul L. 14 November 2000 (has links)
The Pacific Salmon Treaty was established by Canada and the United States
to secure sustainability of salmon harvests within the Pacific Northwest. Renewed
in June 1999, the treaty functions to legitimize and empower the Pacific Salmon
Commission as the agent of fishery sustainability. The Pacific Salmon
Commission serves as a bilateral recommendation-making body. Through its
formal and informal, communications, the commission suggests action and defines
regional salmon policy. Over the past decade pressures related to overharvest,
changing oceanic conditions, and an increasing demand for production have
challenged the commission and the fishery as never before.
The Pacific Salmon Treaty was officially signed into existence in 1985. It
was supposed to be re-ratified in 1992. This did not occur. From 1992 until 1999
numerous ratification processes were attempted, all but one failed. During this
time tensions mounted and expressed frustrations nearly prompted overt violence.
In August 1997 Canadian fishermen angered at the lack of a solution blockaded a
U.S. passenger ferry thrusting the issue onto the world stage. In response to the crisis Canada and the U.S. empowered a joint commission to find resolution.
While the resultant Strangway-Ruckelshaus Initiative proved to be a failure, its
findings paved the way for eventual re-ratification.
The Pacific Salmon Treaty exists because salmon within the Pacific
Northwest represent different but simultaneous values within rooted world view
orientations. The respective political cultures of Canada and the U.S. have
sustained administrative regimes consistent with their dominant understanding of
salmon and its values. Divergent cultural expectations and shared economic
pressures have sustained conflict over the fishery and led to political and economic
uncertainty. The Pacific Salmon Treaty is a work in progress. Understanding the
treaty's context, historical development and function is vital for the sustainability
of the fishery.
The recent ratification of the Pacific Salmon Treaty represents an evolution
in shared resource management. Based upon an "abundance-based management"
regime the 1999 agreement provides the Pacific Salmon Commission with more
discretionary capacity. However, the new pact may prove to be incomplete in form
and function because of contradictory world view orientations. This research
suggests that an emphasis on struggle management instead of conflict avoidance
coupled with an enhanced bilateral commitment to the sustainability of the fishery
may prove most helpful for the long-term outlook of the salmon. It also suggests
that it is simply too early to tell whether this most recent attempt can or will "save
the salmon." / Graduation date: 2001
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Valuing Snake River salmon : a test of contingent value survey methodsRooney, Brian T. 12 June 1997 (has links)
This paper provides probit estimates of willingness to pay for Snake River salmon
recovery projects using the contingent value survey method. Two types of survey method
are tested, the direct question format and the randomized response format. Additionally,
both an increase in electric bill payments and volunteer time are offered as payment
vehicles. The results suggest that there is not much difference in estimates of willingness
to pay between the two survey formats. They also suggest that for the Oregon State
University staff, there is substantial willingness to pay through electric bill increases but
not in volunteer time.
By guaranteeing the respondents anonymity, the randomized response format is
hypothesized to encourage more truthful answers, thereby reducing yea-saying bias. The
results indicate that yea-saying may be reduced for those who contribute to environmental
causes but overall does not affect willingness to pay. Other studies using the randomized
response format that show a reduction in yea-saying and willingness to pay were done in
classroom settings while this survey was a mail survey. There is an indication that the
privacy and anonymity of the mail survey is enough to mitigate social pressure and yea-saying as opposed to a classroom setting. This suggests that the randomized response format may be more appropriate for group surveys or personal interview surveys.
The result that there is substantial monetary support in the form of an increase in electric bills but not in the form of volunteer time payments may be due to the sample being fully employed. Also Snake River salmon restoration projects may seem geographically distant to this sample so volunteer activities may seem unrealistic. / Graduation date: 1998
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Introducing co-management at Nitinaht Lake, British ColumbiaJoseph, Robert 11 1900 (has links)
Conventional fisheries management has appeared to be at odds with the rights of Native
people in the Province of British Columbia. At the same time many Native Bands want to
focus on the salmon fishery for economic and cultural revival. The combination of these
two factors with growing management problems for the Federal Department of Fisheries
and Oceans (DFO) has, for some Bands resulted in efforts toward cooperative
management (co-management) of the resource.
This thesis analyzes the outcomes of efforts towards co-management of one Band
(Ditidaht, at Nitinaht Lake), and evaluates its effectiveness in the early stages of
implementation. The thesis includes both a literature review and a case study that
describes the Band's efforts at local control in light of their developing property rights,
made stronger by recent court cases. It also describes how the DFO has responded to
these developments, and how both groups attempted to keep the process directed toward
improved fisheries management.
The literature review reveals that while there are a number of advantages to the practice
of co-management over conventional systems, there also a number of challenges that face
local groups attempting this practice. The case study focuses particular attention on how
the Ditidaht Band has responded to these challenges.
Strategies used by the Ditidaht Band and the DFO, in response to increasing property;. .
rights of the Band, to better manage the salmon fishery and to overcome barriers to the
exercise of co-management are documented and analyzed. These strategies have
generally evolved from concern for the conservation of salmon on the part of both parties. For the Ditidaht these strategies also involved a search for economic development
opportunities.
Outcomes of the efforts of the two parties are also analyzed in terms of propositions
about co-management set out in the literature.
It is concluded that the DFO has been reluctant to grant the Ditidaht control over fisheries
management functions and appear to have done so done so reluctantly, and only as a
result of recent court cases. Because of this Ditidaht input has been kept to a minimum
and basically only involves enforcement. As for the Ditidaht Band, it has not taken full
advantage of alliances with other parties as a mechanism for enhancing its control over
the resource. The Band has also generally not responded to the importance of internal
cohesion by establishing a forum for solving disputes over allocation.
They have also failed to see the importance of using public concern for conservation as a
strategic tool. The case study highlights the importance of looking beyond short-term
interests, in this case economic development, in order to become self-sufficient in the
long-term.
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Fishing for justice : an ethical framework for fisheries policies in CanadaPower, Melanie Deanne 05 1900 (has links)
Canadian fisheries are in crisis. On both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts, stories abound
of fisheries closures or failures and coastal communities in difficulty. A new approach to
fisheries policy is required, one which recognises the intrinsic value of all participants in the
fisheries ecosystem and is capable of providing guidance on how to make policy decisions. The
principles of environmental ethics provide a framework for developing justice-based fisheries
policies.
The environmental ethics literature is first explored, with special attention to fisheries
issues. From this review, a justice-based framework is identified, in which five types of justice
are viewed as pertinent to fisheries concerns. This framework is then translated into an
assessment tool, based upon the Rapfish method for rapid appraisal of fisheries and using a set
of justice-based ethical criteria. These criteria are evaluated and, through a paired comparison
survey, further explored. An assessment of a range of Canadian marine fisheries is conducted
using these ethical criteria. Subsequently, a modified Rapfish assessment, using the original
criteria supplemented with additional customised criteria, is conducted for Aboriginal fisheries
for Pacific salmon in British Columbia. Additionally, a study is conducted which explores
preferences regarding the abundance and diversity of fisheries ecosystems.
Finally, the commercial fishery for Pacific salmon in British Columbia is presented as a
case study. The Rapfish assessment results are presented, and considerations as to how to
operationalise just policies for this fishery are suggested. Recommendations include: balancing
the composition of the commercial fleet, based upon ecological impacts of the various gear
types; encouragement of local stewardship and community involvement; and inclusion of
various forms of knowledge in fisheries management and decision-making.
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Optimal management of a transboundary fishery with specific reference to the Pacific salmonTian, Huilan, 1964- January 1998 (has links)
Managing a common property resource, especially one jointly owned by two nations, is a formidable problem as it involves both incentives to cooperate and incentives to cheat. Often conflicts flare up, followed by efforts of reconciliation, which are interrupted again by new conflicts. A classic example of this is the Pacific salmon fishery, which is jointly harvested by the U.S.A and Canada. To understand the nature of this conflict, and to make policy recommendations, a game-theoretic approach is developed in this thesis.
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