Purpose: Current literature reports that between 7 and 14% of young, healthy women have stress urinary incontinence (SUI). No gold standard exists for quantifying urine leakage, although pad tests have been used in older, parous populations. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability and accuracy of a new pad test for young, healthy women with SUI. Methods: The pad test consisted of measuring quantity of leakage after the following activities: stair running, standing up from sitting, curl-ups, running on the spot, jumping jacks, jumping on a mini-trampoline and coughing vigorously. Bladder volume was standardised by having the volunteers drink one litre of water one hour prior to the testing. The volunteers performed the pad test on two consecutive days. Results: Sixteen nulliparous women between the ages of 18 and 30 years (7 controls and 9 with SUI) participated in this study. The mean increase in pad weight was 0.64 g (± 0.50) in the continent group and 11.89 g (± 20.32) in the group with SUI. There was no significant difference in pad weight between the testing sessions (p=0.228), however the test was not able to elicit measureable urine loss in 3 participants with SUI. Pad weights between the two groups of women were significantly different (p=0.023). The test re-test ICC for the continent group was 0.845 (95% CI: 0.139–0.973) and 0.782 (95% CI: -0.040–0.952) for the group with SUI. Significance: The results of this study support the use of this pad test in healthy young women with SUI; it appears to be reliable and challenging enough to cause measureable urine loss in the majority, and it may be useful for diagnosing and quantifying SUI without urodynamic studies.

The present study group consists of 45 women with genuine stress incontinence who were selected for surgical treatment and randomized either to retropubic urethrocystopexy (n=30) or pubococcygeal repair (n=15). The preoperative assessment included medical history, gynecological examination, urine analysis and culture, residual urine, pad test, frequency-continence charts, water urethrocystoscopy, continence test and cystometry with analysis of micturition. Moreover, five semistructured interviews were performed with the women and two with their partner. The following questionnaires were used measuring a) personality characteristics: Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP), Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), b) depression: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and c) social support: Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (ISSI). The results have shown that there was no difference in the subjective cure rate between the two surgical methods (73% vs. 80 % respectively). The bladder volume had increased in both groups and the intravesical pressure of the bladder filled to maximum had increased in the pubococcygeal repair group. Other urodynamic variables were unchanged by the operation. Pad tests have demonstrated that 67 % of the women in the urethrocystopexy group and 47 % in the pubococcygeal repair group ceased to leak urine. Postoperatively, 63 % of the women in the urethrocystopexy group needed high doses of analgesics compared with only 33 % in the pubococcygeal repair group. Among the women experiencing severe to very severe pain dysphoric subjects were overrepresented. Postoperative residual urine was a minor nursing problem in both groups. Women with SUI of long duration scored significantly higher than controls on the KSP scales of somatic anxiety, psychic anxiety, psychasthenia, suspicion and on the EPI lie-scale. There was no significant difference in sexual activity before and after surgery. One or two sexual dysfunctions within the desire, excitement, orgasmic and resolution phase were reported by the majority of women both before and after surgical intervention. The cured women reported a higher level of overall activities before surgery than the improved (i.e. not cured) women, whereas post surgery both the cured and the improved women obtained about the same level of activities. Regarding social support, no differences between the cured or improved women occured as concerns attachment. The cured women showed a higher degree of adequacy of social integration compared with the improved women. In order to delineate predictive factors for the surgical outcome the following variables were investigated: age of patient, duration of urine leakage, parity, personality, psychological and social factors. The following predictors of the outcome of surgical treatment emerged: duration of stress incontinence, neuroticism and age of patient. The results of the present study indicate the ecessity of a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment and nursing of women with SUI. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1995</p> / digitalisering@umu