Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Bibliography: leaves 83-84.

The paint market of today is a jungle whit an enormous range of different paint types; there all has different properties and different compositions, some with big influence on the environment and some whit less influence on the environment. It could even be difficult for an expert to always know what should be used on which surface and what would be the best out of the environmental point of view. This work is not intended as a total review of all the manufactures range of colours; only as a deeper dissertation about distemper paint in general, in particular Falu Red Paint. Whit focuses on the environmental issues. The work is especially for those who are ready to paint but don’t know what paint they should chose and people that has a interest in paint and environment, perhaps it also could be of interest for professional painters even when there probably isn’t any big news for them. The information is compiled from the Internet and downloaded brochures from the Internet.

In this work, I propose a digital painting process to create virtual paintings that can be created with paint layers. The process enables the artists to manipulate the look of the painting by placing lights in the three-dimensional environment, changing the surface properties of the geometry, and changing the camera angle that the audience views the work. The initial step is the development of a digital paint system for use with a tablet device. Artist's decisions such as pen pressure, color choice, and brush placement are recorded and exported to a RenderMan scene file. A height parameter is incremented on a per-pixel basis each time the artist draws over a portion of the digital painting. Once the digital painting is complete, the artist may then render the scene file to reveal the build-up of paint layers. This approach aims to merge ideas from the field of digital painting with those of non-photorealistic rendering. The digital painting interface builds on previous research and should be familiar to the artists using the system. I have addressed the need for more research in terms of the build-up of digital paint layers based on an artist's decisions.

<p>The paint market of today is a jungle whit an enormous range of different paint types; there all has different properties and different compositions, some with big influence on the environment and some whit less influence on the environment. It could even be difficult for an expert to always know what should be used on which surface and what would be the best out of the environmental point of view.</p><p>This work is not intended as a total review of all the manufactures range of colours; only as a deeper dissertation about distemper paint in general, in particular Falu Red Paint. Whit focuses on the environmental issues.</p><p>The work is especially for those who are ready to paint but don’t know what paint they should chose and people that has a interest in paint and environment, perhaps it also could be of interest for professional painters even when there probably isn’t any big news for them. The information is compiled from the Internet and downloaded brochures from the Internet.</p>

The objectives of this research programme were to examine the influence of manufacturing and processing parameters on the environmental stability of aqueous acrylic based latices and to also extend the programme to an assessment of the behaviour of various stabiliser types suitable to such materials through either end-group modification or direct in-situ addition. During the research programme a number of physical and chemical techniques were assessed to routinely characterise and monitor the photochemical and thermal degradation of acrylic latices. These were based on emulsion polymerised formulations of methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate. In the first instance, acrylic latices based on different formulations were chosen as homopolymers and copolymers. Here the nature of impurities and oxidation products generated during various stages of their manufacture have to be characterised and inter-related to their influence on subsequent environmental degradation. This involved the use of reflectance FT-IR spectroscopy to show functional group changes together with colourimetric U.V. analysis to determine photochemical generation of hydroperoxides. The early chemical changes and their subsequent influence on the physical and chemical properties of the latices during the later stages of environmental degradation were found to exhibit a close inter-relationship. In this regard the formation and the manufacturing temperatures and periods were crucial. Thermal methods of analysis were also used to characterise differences in the properties of the latices before and during thermal and photochemical oxidation. The nature of the residual persulphate initiator and the compositions of the latices in terms of end group modification were important parameters. De-esterification and hydroperoxide formation were found to be important processes during latex degradation while the use of low levels of co-monomer addition. such as methacrylic acicL to the emulsion reaction gave latices with improved light stability. Subsequent aspects of the research programme involved a detailed investigation into the behaviour and performance of various stabiliser types and formulations. Thus, while coreactive hindered piperidine stabilisers was found to be effective, the incorporation of simple terminal dialkyl acrylamide/methacrylaroide groups were also found to be effective. The efficiency of dialkylamide groups operating through a sacrificial mechanism is discussed. The influence of these processing operations on subsequent stabiliser activity provides valuable information on the mode of action of these stabilisers in such complex media. Further work involved a study into the effect of fluorinated methacrylates used in emulsion polymerised formulations. Here, the presence of residual starting materials in the monomer was found to have a detrimental effect in terms of photostability. Subsequent analysis of acrylic resins, based on solution polymerised formulations of methyl methacrylate and fluorinated methacrylates, was undertaken. The influence of reactive stabiliser types on these resins was important and to improve stabiliser perfonnance, synergistic stabiliser formulations were studied. This project will provide important fundamental information on the behaviour of active chromophores produced during the manufacturing process and hopefully resuh in the development of monitoring methodologies to establish paint quality.

The outcomes of the paint stewardship program in British Columbia are examined to assess whether the objectives of the program and the principles of product stewardship are being achieved. The objectives are to: 1) compel the paint industry and consumers to take responsibility for waste paint; 2) minimize the volume of paint landfilled; 3) raise consumer awareness about the impacts on the environment of excessive waste generation, and the need to opt for environmentally friendly practices.' The methods of research used include secondary literature, a survey and interviews. Due to the unavailability of some crucial data, I could not carry out a proper program assessment. The following are some insights into the program: 1) waste paint collected increased from 1,300,000 equivalent litre containers in 1995 to nearly 3,000,000 in 1997. However, without knowing the volume of paint sold annually, these figures reveal little about the effectiveness of the program; 2) Of the residual paint collected in 1997, 51% was recycled into products other than paint, 30 % involved energy recovery, 11% was landfilled, while 8% was reused. I discussed the need to increase the volume of paint reused as doing so prevents the problem of waste paint from arising in the first instance. There are both benefits and flaws associated with the process of recycling. Compared to reuse, recycling does relatively little to solve the problem of waste reduction; 3) In the absence of crucial data, the objective of compelling the paint industry and consumers to take responsibility for waste paint is so far merely theoratical. The paint program is consumer funded and industry operated. In practice, a 50c ecofee/litre paint has not served as an incentive to encourage consumers to bring residuals to a depot. Nor has it resulted in meaningful changes in consumption habits. A 50c ecofee also means that paint sales will not likely be affected. It appears the industry is charging this low fee despite the fact that it does not lead to the achievements of the objectives outlined for the program. While a paint program is now in place for the processing of residual paint, the program cannot be assessed based on its objectives. To enable meaningful program evaluation, the primary recommendation is for the authorities monitoring the program to collect the relevant data over time in order improve program effectiveness.

The preparation, type and stability of emulsions stabilised solely by solid silica particles has been investigated in detail using a combination of conductivity, stability, light diffraction, optical microscopy and contact angle measurements. The wettability of the particles in situ at the oil-water interface plays a major role in such systems. The stability of aqueous colloidal dispersions in the presence of various electrolytes and over a range of pH is shown to be important in determining the stability of toluene-in-water emulsions formed from them. Partial flocculation of the silica dispersions enhances the emulsion stability whereas strong flocculation results in unstable emulsions. Inversion of emulsion type occurs via two mechanisms. Catastrophic inversion of water-in-oil emulsions stabilised by hydrophobic silica particles occurs upon increasing the volume fraction of water in the system. Transitional inversion of emulsions at fixed volume fraction of water has been achieved by varying the mass fraction of hydrophilic (or hydrophobic) particles in systems containing particle mixtures. Neither inversion mechanism exhibits hysteresis, in contrast to surfactant-stabilised systems. The energy of attachment of a particle to the oil-water interface is shown to be dependent on the contact angle and the interfacial tension. The contact angle was varied by changing the hydrophobicity of the silica particles. Particles of intermediate hydrophobicity were most effective at stabilising emulsions which is thought to be due to the contact angle at the oil-water interface being close to 90°. The interfacial tension was affected by changing the nature of the oil phase or by'replacing water with various polar liquids. Undecanol-water emulsions stabilised by silica particles of intermediate hydrophobicity break down via gel formation followed by coalescence. The wettability of the silica surface was varied in situ by varying the pH of the aqueous phase. Increasing the pH causes dissociation of silanol groups, which increases the affinity of the particles for the aqueous phase. The type and stability of emulsions and the contact angle of an aqueous drop under toluene on hydrophobically modified glass slides were measured as a function of pH. The results are modelled using simple theory. The wettability of hydrophobic pigment surfaces is dependent on the type and concentration of added surfactant. The findings are discussed in terms of surfactant adsorption at the relevant interfaces.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Lehigh University, 1997. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1932. / Vita. Bibliography: p. [31].