Typescript. / Bibliography: leaves 170-179. / Microfiche. / xii, 179 leaves ill., maps

Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 167-183). / Electronic reproduction. / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / xxv, 183 leaves, bound 29 cm

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2001 / Pacific Islands Studies

This thesis investigated whether a fragmented assemblage of fossilized Homo sapiens remains collected from Palau; Micronesia represents a population exhibiting a case of insular dwarfing. The earliest occupation of Palau is ca. 4000 YBP, and the fossil assemblage studied here dates between 2900 – 1400 YBP, thus providing a relatively short time in which body size reduction, due to insular dwarfism could occur. There are well known cases, in both the modern and fossil context, where insular dwarfism and body size reduction is known to occur in human populations that are isolated, but the results of this reduction are seen over a much longer period (e.g., tens of thousands of years). Metric dimensions of the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and fibula and os coxa are quantified in order to evaluate other potential insular dwarfs in fossil hominin assemblages, such as Homo floresiensis. Previous studies have shown that the Palau archipelago has remained relatively isolated from human contact due to the surrounding currents, providing ideal conditions for insular dwarfism to occur. Comparing measurements taken on populations encompassing a reasonable range of human variation, this study quantified and compared the Palauan measurements and joint ratios to determine which variables might differentiate among these population groups, thus indicating traits potentially uniquely signalling a reduction in human body size. Disproportionate joint sizes were observed in the humerus, ulna, tibia, and femur of the Palauan sample. While individual measurements from the Palau sample all fall comfortably within the range of measurements taken from other small-bodied human individuals, the articular surfaces of Palauan specimens do not resemble those from other well-established, small-bodied insular populations. As the articular surfaces are smaller relative to the epiphyseal diameters and may be a reflection of the relatively short time in which the reduction has taken place. Morphologically the Palauan population exhibits small orbits, a large interorbital distance, an inflated glabella region and protruding supraorbital tori. A reduction in the mandible may account for the overcrowding of teeth observed in the dentition. The Palauan individuals have disproportionately large maxillary teeth. The mandibular dentition, however, varies: the incisors, canine and first molars are large, while reduction is seen most easily in the premolars and the second molar. This dental reduction is coupled with significant differences between the cervico-enamel junctions for these teeth and the corresponding crown measurements. Large teeth, inflated glabella, and protruding supraorbital tori may be an indication of a founding population. These traits are all found in Australomelanesian populations, and it is thus possible that the Palauan population under study originated from Melanesia (e.g. New Guinea or South East Asia). Application of the present study to Homo floresiensis, a fossil hominin suggested by some authors to have undergone insular dwarfing, reveals that while H. floresiensis is small for some measurements, most fall within the range of the small-bodied comparative sample from Palau. The stature of H. floresiensis is not unusually small and falls within the ranges of the comparative sample used here. The only comparison that can be made for joint size is that both the Palauan and H. floresiensis femoral heads are small and both exhibit the same disproportionate dimensions of the proximal tibia. As potential body size reduction is possibly responsible for the Palauan traits, the similarity in joint proportions may be attributed to insular dwarfing when the population first became isolated, as these joint irregularities are not seen in established insular dwarfs (Andaman and Nicobarese). The differences present in the measurements obtained for all the small-bodied samples examined suggests that even though insular populations may present as small-bodied, the island populations (fossil or extant) should be viewed as a case by case study. Isolation, life history, founding population (genetics) and environmental conditions all affect population body size over time, but to assume that all isolated populations will decrease body size in the same way is incorrect. What is seen in Palauan specimens is likely the adaptive responses of a isolated population from Melanesia, resulting in the insular dwarfism observed. By examining the available aspects of this insular population and found that it was consistent in reflecting size and proportions of small-bodied populations.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2003. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 347-375). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 167-183).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 14-15). / vi, 15 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Bibliography : leaves 349-361. / x, 361 leaves : ill., maps ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of History, 1994

La tesis reúne un conjunto de cinco observaciones a partir del proyecto no construido para el palacio del Gobernador de Chandigarh (1951-1957) que -sin intención de agotar las direcciones posibles- profundizan en aquéllas que ponen en relación los aspectos formales y materiales de la obra de Le Corbusier, insistiendo en el ascendente que la materia ejerce sobre la forma, antes de que ésta cristalice.La primera observación sigue una dirección reflexiva, hacia el propio edificio, que ha de permitir advertir las estrechas relaciones que se desgranan entre la imaginación de la materia y la vida de las formas. No puede haber un «desde el palacio del Gobernador» sin una toma de contacto con el propio Palacio y, por lo tanto, es necesario que se planteen aquí temas que se desarrollarán en las observaciones siguientes; todos ellos como parte de un denso y complejo tejido de correspondencias mutuas que Le Corbusier ha trabado teórica y poéticamente con los años.La segunda observación es sobre el propio material que constituye el edificio y el Capitolio: el hormigón aparente, vinculado originariamente al agua en tanto que materia plástica que toma forma mediante la construcción de recipientes que, a su vez, llegan a contener el agua de lluvia y que pueden ser imaginados como producto de la acción combinada de unas manos que actúan y unos ojos que analizan. Aquí el béton brut es materia que sobrepasa el plano de la técnica; que se transporta, se vierte y se muestra con el mismo cuidado con el que se recoge el agua de lluvia para llenar las balsas del Capitolio.La tercera es, pues, una observación sobre el agua y sus propiedades como sustrato material y poético de la obra de Le Corbusier que alcanza incluso sus escritos, manifestándose con igual intensidad, a partir de la clasificación aristotélica de los cuatro elementos o de la noción de espacio denso cubista. El agua es fuente de complicidades y dualidades, fuente de ambigüedad controlada; es lluvia devuelta a la tierra mediante la construcción de un mecanismo formal de captación. La facilidad de penetración del agua la convierte en el elemento apropiado para impregnar transversalmente otros elementos trastornando sus propiedades.La cuarta, analiza la luz y la sombra como resultado de la acción de la arquitectura sobre los rayos de sol, gracias a las incisivas aristas de los brise-soleil, que actúan como compuertas de espacios en penumbra cruzados por corrientes de aire. Le Corbusier confía a la densidad que toman los límites de la arquitectura, la capacidad de retener un 'rumor visual' sobre la superficie de béton brut que se amplifica hasta devenir volumetría en claroscuro. Esta convergencia de recursos en escalas sucesivas, con la luz y la sombra como base, parece contener la manifestación de un orden arquitectónico nuevo, hecho de concordancias y disonancias.La quinta es la observación del modo en que Le Corbusier manipula la tierra que constituye la base de toda la operación topográfica que sustenta una idea de Capitolio, en la cual los edificios se manifiestan como emergencias. Una manipulación del espacio exterior, externo, hasta convertirlo en espacio interior, interiorizado, aprehensible; que se concreta en la definición de sus límites y en las operaciones de relieve por encima y por debajo de la línea de tierra, y que resuenan en otros relieves en béton brut, ayudados por el potencial especular del agua, que los vincula de nuevo a las capacidades de la materia.Planteando el Capitolio como un sistema, como un conjunto cuyas partes están coordinadas por una suma de principios, entonces el Palacio se manifiesta como el objeto que más sui generis las pone en práctica. «Governor's House» -tal como la designa Le Corbusier- es antes que nada, una casa transpuesta al papel de palacio y cabeza del Capitolio; y, en tanto que casa, se singulariza y singulariza sus elementos y se sitúa en una posición focal en la obra de Le Corbusier análoga a la que ocupa el Palacio en el Capitolio. / The thesis is structured around five observations on -and 'from'- the unbuilt Governor's Palace in Chandigarh (1951-1957). Among the possible subjects to discuss, the thesis develops those that relate formal and material features of Le Corbusier's work, emphasizing the influence of matter over form, before the latter crystallizes.The first observation is a reflexive one, towards the building itself. It is expected to reveal the close relations between the imagination on matter and the life of forms. There is no «from the Governor's Palace» without an initial contact with the Palace itself. This contact provides topics that develop in later observations, as a part of a dense and complex mesh of mutual correspondences that Le Corbusier has combined theoretically and poetically over the years.The second observation is about the material that constitutes the Palace and the Capitol as a whole: rough concrete. Béton brut is originally related to water as a plastic matter. Béton is given form by means of shuttering moulds, shaped as vases that will later capture rainwater; all as the product of a combined action of analyzing eyes and acting hands. Béton brut is matter that exceeds a mere technical condition: it is transported, poured and cast as carefully as rainwater is collected to fill the Capitol ponds.The third one is therefore an observation on water and its properties both as a material and as a poetic substrate of Le Corbusier's work, as his own writings sustain; presenting itself with the same intensity as one of the four Aristotelian elements or through the Cubist notion of dense space. Water is a source of complicities and dualities; a source of controlled ambiguity. It is rain returned to the ground by means of constructing a formal mechanism of capture. The ability of water to penetrate substances is responsible for impregnating other elements, altering their properties.The fourth observation analyzes light and shade as the result of architecture dividing sun rays, thanks to the incisive edges of brise-soleil, operating as floodgates of spaces in penumbra, crossed by airflows. Le Corbusier assigns to the new density of architectural limits the capacity of retaining a 'visual rumor' on the surface of béton brut; amplified to become a volumetric chiaroscuro. This convergence of resources in successive scales -based upon light and shade- seems to contain the manifestation of a new architectonic order, made of correspondences and dissonances. The fifth one is the observation on the way Le Corbusier manipulates the ground that constitutes the base of all topographic operations that sustain an idea of Capitol in which buildings manifest themselves as relief. A manipulation of exterior -external- spaces to become interior -interiorized, conceivable- space, by means of boundary definition and topographic activation. Such artificial relief echoes those other reliefs cast in béton brut, close to the specular quality of water, associated again to the potentialities of matter.Conceiving the Capitol as a system -as a set of coordinated principles- the Palace reveals itself as an object that interprets sui generis those principles. The «Governor's House» -as called by Le Corbusier- is first of all, a house in the role of a palace, the head of the Capitol. As a house, it stands out and differentiates its elements; it takes a key position in the work of Le Corbusier analogous to the one occupied by the Palace in the Capitol.

Oral history is an important component of Palauan heritage and living culture. Interaction of oral history and archaeology is regarded as a policy when conducting research in Palau, both within the Bureau of Arts and Culture, responsible for protection and preservation of cultural remains in Palau, and among researchers not representing BAC. Legally, a material remain is proven significance if it is connected with intangible resources, such as "lyrics, folklore and traditions associated with Palauan culture". This paper examines and discusses the connection of oral history and archaeology, which will be presented through three case studies: the earthworks on Babeldaob, the traditional stonework village of Edangel in Ngardmau state, and the process of nominating a cultural remain for inclusion in the National Register for Historic Places. The nomination is a good reflection of the interaction between archaeology and oral history, where association with intangible resources is virtually necessary. The two specified types of archaeological remains are compared to one another regarding presence in oral traditions and significance for Palauans. Based on the information obtained from personal experience, interviews and literature, it can be concluded that an archaeological or historical site is valued more by its connection to oral history than to its archaeological qualities, which in turn effects how protection and preservation is administrated, financed, and carried out.