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A dinâmica paleoceanográfica no Oceano Atlântico Sudoeste ainda é pouco conhecida, com a maioria dos trabalhos descrevendo os últimos 25 mil anos. Neste estudo, foram utilizados como indicadores as assembleias fósseis de cocolitoforídeos (também chamados de nanofósseis calcários), isótopos estáveis de oxigênio e carbono (em testas do foraminífero planctônico Globigerinoides ruber), o conteúdo de carbonato nos sedimentos (fração < 0,63 μm) e datações radiocarbônicas. Foram analisados dois testemunhos, coletados no talude da Bacia de Campos, compreendendo os últimos 440 mil anos. Os resultados apontam que espécies do grupo “placolitoformes”, como Gephyrocapsa spp. e Emiliania huxleyi, e a espécie Florisphaera profunda, habitante da zona fótica inferior, dominaram a assembleia durante todo o intervalo estudado. Entre 440 - 410 mil anos a produtividade é alta, independente da alternância entre estágios glaciais/interglaciais (EIMs 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7 e 6). Boa parte deste intervalo de tempo está relacionada ao evento Brunhes médio, quando, no hemisfério sul, havia uma intensificação das circulações atmosférica e oceânica, aumentando a ressurgência costeira. Nos últimos 130 mil anos, existe alguma relação entre a produtividade e esta ciclicidade climática. De forma geral, pode-se dizer que os estágios interglaciais stricto sensu (EIMs 5e e 1) são menos produtivos que os demais (EIMs 5d-a, 4, 3 e 2). Durante estágios interglaciais, a Zona de Convergência Intertropical estaria deslocada para o norte, os ventos de nordeste associados à Alta Subtropical do Atlântico Sul teriam baixa intensidade e a Corrente do Brasil estaria enfraquecida, levando à manutenção da estratificação das águas. Já durante o estágio glacial, as condições inversas favoreceriam a ressurgência costeira. Ao longo dos últimos 130 mil anos, a produtividade máxima é atingida entre 14 - 6,5 mil anos (durante a deglaciação), podendo ser um reflexo dos acontecimentos do Último Máximo Glacial. Entre 440 - 140 mil anos, cocolitoforídeos parecem ter um pequeno papel no ciclo do carbono, transferindo carbonato das águas superficiais para o fundo marinho. Este papel aumenta nos 130 mil anos subsequentes. Durante todo o intervalo, espécies produtoras de pequenos cocólitos, como Gephyrocapsa spp. e Emiliania huxleyi, são as mais determinantes nesta transferência, por serem muito abundantes. / The paleoceanographic dynamic of the Southweast Atlantic is still poorly known, with most of the studies describing the last 25×103 years. In this work, fossil assemblages of coccolithophorids (also called calcareous nannofossils), oxygen and carbon stable isotopes (in shells of the planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber), the carbonate content in the sediments (< 0,63 μm fraction) and radiocarbon dating were used as indicators. Two sediment cores, recovered at the slope of Campos Basin, were analyzed, comprising the last 440×103 years. The results show that placolith-bearing species, such as Gephyrocapsa spp. and Emiliania huxleyi, and the Florisphaera profunda species, which inhabits the lower photic zone, dominated the assemblage during the whole study interval. Between 440-410×103 years there is high productivity, independent of the alternation between glacial and interglacial stages (MISs 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7 and 6). Much of this time interval is related to the mid-Brunhes event, when an intensified atmospheric and oceanic circulation is reported in the southern hemisphere, leading to increased coastal upwelling. Over the past 130×103 years, there was some relationship between the productivity and this climate cyclicity. In a general way, it can be said that stricto sensu interglacial stages (MISs 5e and 1) are less productive than the others (MISs 5d-a, 4, 3 and 2). During interglacial stages, a northward shift in the Intertropical Convergence Zone position would take place, together with a weakening of the northeast winds associated to the Southern Atlantic Subtropical High and a weakening of the Brazil Current, leading to the maintenance of the water stratification. On the other hand, during the glacial stage, the inverse conditions would be favorable to coastal upwelling. Over the last 130×103 years, maximum productivity is achieved between 14- 6,5×103 years (during deglaciation), which could be a reflection of the events of the Last Glacial Maximum. Between 440-140×103 years, coccolithophorids seem to have had a small role in the carbon cycle, transferring carbonate shallow waters to the seabed. This role seems to have increased in the following 130×103 years. During the whole interval, species that produce small coccoliths, such as Gephyrocapsa spp. and Emiliania huxleyi, are the most crucial in this transfer, because they are very abundant.

A dissolução do carbonato está ligada à circulação dos oceanos e às variações climáticas. Através desse estudo foi possível identificar, durante o último ciclo glacial (150 mil anos), três eventos de dissolução na Bacia de Santos, durantes os estágios isotópicos marinhos 5d, 5b e 4. Para isso foram utilizados indicadores de dissolução micropaleontológicos, geoquímicos e sedimentares. Através destes indicadores foi possível inferir quais processos estão associados à dissolução do carbonato durante estes períodos. Os indicadores micropaleontológicos densidade área (&#961;A), espécies resistentes à dissolução (ERD e BDI) e índice de fragmentação (IF) foram capazes de identificar o início dos eventos de dissolução, enquanto os indicadores de variação tamanho de grão no sedimento bruto, teor de carbonato de cálcio (%CaCO3) em diferentes frações de tamanho, razão entre foraminíferos bentônicos e planctônicos (B/P) e peso normalizado (SBW) foram relacionados ao auge da dissolução. Os indicadores com base em cocolitoforídeos (CEX\'), índice Broecker/Clark e índice Chiu/Broecker apresentaram resultados inconclusivos. Observou-se que durante os três eventos de dissolução houve um aumento na contribuição de uma massa d\'água de origem sul (mais corrosiva ao carbonato) na região, indicado a partir da variação de &#948;13Cbentônico. Os eventos de dissolução também coincidiram com o aumento do aporte de sedimento não-carbonático (indicador de aporte continental, Fe/Ti e Ti/Ca). Os indicadores de paleoprodutividade (PP, RN e razão G. bulloides/G. ruber) não indicaram um aumento de produtividade primária durante os eventos de dissolução, de modo que a produtividade não foi considerada como um dos processos principais que induziram os eventos de dissolução neste estudo. As profundidades em que estes testemunhos se encontram (&#8764;2000 m) também eliminam a possibilidade de que a dissolução tenha ocorrido em função da variação da posição da lisoclina, mesmo considerando que esta tenha estado &#8764;1000 m mais rasa durante o último período glacial. Desta forma, acreditamos que os eventos de dissolução estejam relacionados com a maior contribuição de uma massa d\'água de sul, mais corrosiva ao carbonato, em torno de 2000 m de profundidade, durante os MIS 5d, 5b e 4, como resultado da reorganização das massas d\'água profundas na região (uma redução na intensidade da AMOC) nestes períodos. / The calcium carbonate dissolution is linked to ocean circulation and climate change. Through this study it was possible to identify, during last glacial cycle (150 kyrs), three dissolution events occurring in the Santos Basin, during MIS 5d, 5b and 4. For this, micropaleontological, geochemical and sedimentary proxies were used. Through these proxies it was possible to infer which processes are associated with the carbonate dissolution during this period. The micropaleontological proxies of area density (&#961;A), dissolution resistent species (ERD and BDI) and fragmentation index (IF), were able to identify the beginning of the dissolution events, while the proxies of grain size variation, calcium carbonate content in different size fractions, benthic/planktonic ratio (B/P) and size normalized weight (SBW) were related with the dissolution peak. The proxies based in cocoliths (CEX\'), Broecker/Clark Index and Chiu/Broecker Index presented inconclusive results. It was observed that during the three dissolution events there was an increase in the contribution of the water mass of southern origin (more corrosive to the carbonate) in the region, indicated from the variation of &#948;13C in benthic foraminifera. This increase also coincided with the increase in the contribution of non-carbonate sediment (continental input indicator -IAC, Fe/Ca and Ti/Ca). The paleoproductivity proxies (based in cocoliths - PP, RN, and G. bulloides/G. ruber ratio) did not indicate an increase in primary productivity during dissolution events, therefore productivity was not considered as one of the processes that led to dissolution in this study. The depths at which these sediment cores are found (&#8764;2000 m) also eliminate the possibility that the dissolution occurred as a function of the variation of the position of the lysocline, even if considering that it was &#8764;1000 m shallower during the last glacial period. In this way, we believe that the dissolution events are related to an increased southern-sourced water mass more corrosive to the carbonate during MIS 5d, 5b and 4, which implies the reorganization of the water masses in the region and a reduction in the strength of AMOC during these periods.

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element, which, with multiple oxidation states and six stable isotopes, has the potential to be a powerful paleo-environmental proxy. In this study, Se concentrations and isotopic compositions were analyzed in a suite of about 120 samples of fine-grained marine sedimentary rocks and sediments spanning the entire Phanerozoic. While the selenium concentrations vary greatly (0.22 to 72 ppm), the δ82/76Se values fall in a fairly narrow range from -1 to +1 , with the exception of laminated black shales from the New Albany Shale formation (Devonian), which have δ82/76Se values of up to +2.20 . Black Sea sediments (Holocene) and sedimentary rocks from the Alum Shale formation (Late Cambrian) have Se/TOC ratios and δ82/76Se values close to those found in modern marine plankton (1.72x10-6±1.55x10-7 mol/mol and 0.42±0.22 ). (Note: TOC = total organic carbon.) For the other sedimentary sequences, the Se/TOC ratios indicate enrichment in selenium relative to marine plankton. Additional input of isotopically light terrigenous Se (δ82/76Se ≈ -0.42 ) may explain the Se data measured in recent Arabian Sea sediments (Pleistocene). The very high Se concentrations in sedimentary sequences that include the Cenomanian-Turonian Ocean Anoxic Event (OAE) 2 possibly reflect a significantly enhanced input of volcanogenic Se to the oceans. As the latter has an isotopic composition (δ82/76Se ≈ 0 ) not greatly different from marine plankton, the volcanogenic source does not impart a distinct signature to the sedimentary Se isotope record. The lowest δ82/76Se values are observed in the OAE2 samples from Demerara Rise and Cape Verde Basin cores (δ82/76Se = -0.95 to 1.16 ) and are likely due to fractionation associated with microbial or chemical reduction of Se oxyanions in the euxinic water column. In contrast, a limiting availability of seawater Se during periods of increased organic matter burial is thought to be responsible for the elevated δ82/76Se values and low Se/TOC ratios in the black shales of the New Albany Shale formation. Overall, our results suggest that Se data may provide useful information on paleodepositional conditions, when included in a multi-proxy approach.

Allochthonous, seaward-dipping deposits that flank reef-rimmed carbonate platforms (reef-rimmed carbonate foreslopes) display a spectrum of deposit types, seismic-scale stratal architecture, and bed-scale heterogeneity due to diverse sediment sources and resedimentation processes. This variability has resulted in a lack of consistent characterization approaches, and has made the development of predictive models that link carbonate foreslope deposit types to stratal architecture challenging. This study uses data from outcrops, including the Upper Devonian of the Canning Basin, Western Australia and the Upper Permian of the Delaware Basin, West Texas, and examples from literature to provide 1) an approach for characterizing reef-rimmed carbonate foreslopes in terms of deposit types and architecture, 2) conceptual models that outline the variations that exist, and 3) discussion of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that control the observed variations. The primary depositional elements that construct reef-rimmed carbonate foreslopes can be categorized as 1) debris elements (breccias and blocks) from brittle reef failure, 2) grain-dominated elements (grainstones and rudstones) from offbank transport of sand and gravel, and 3) mud-dominated elements (mud-dominated fabrics) that record relative foreslope quiescence and fine-grained periplatform shedding. The fundamental stratal geometries observed are 1) accretionary margins, characterized by margin-toforeslope interfingering and clinoforms, and 2) escarpment margins, characterized by aggrading-retrograding margin architecture and foreslope onlap. The combinations of element proportions, element distribution, stratal geometry, bed- to bedset-scale architecture, and depositional profile scale that exist in carbonate foreslopes range widely, warranting multiple depositional models. The deposit type and architectural variations observed in detail from Upper Devonian and Upper Permian outcrops of the Canning Basin, Western Australia, and the Delaware Basin, West Texas, respectively, are linked to differing scales of superimposed accommodation change and reef faunal assemblage. Observations from other outcrops and extensive literature review display further controlling factors that affect carbonate foreslope development, such as platform morphology, oceanographic conditions, slope height, tectonic setting, and siliciclastic input, suggesting a multi-variable interplay of controls. These controls dictate the productivity and resedimentation of the contributing sediment factories, and/or influence the development of the carbonate platform system as a whole. Knowledge and classification of carbonate foreslope deposit types, architecture, and controls not only improve understanding of these complex systems, but also allow for the development of predictive relationships for economic purposes. / text

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1987. / Bibliography: leaves 150-164. / xiii, 164 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-72). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1975. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 243-251).

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2007. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-79). Also available on the World Wide Web.