In 2006 a youth health survey was conducted in Pangnirtung, Nunavut as part of a community collaboration. The survey assessed food use, nutrient status and anthropometry. Thirty four percent of youth were above healthy weight; soft drink consumption averaged 1 litre per day; and nutrient intake distributions showed likelihood of inadequacies in the diet. Traditional food (TF) consumption, however, had a beneficial effect on nutrient status as iron, vitamin A and protein intake was significantly higher among those who consumed TF. / Elder stories about TF were used as a pilot intervention aimed to promote TF by increasing traditional knowledge (TK) to community youth. Stories were played on a DVD and pre/post questionnaires were administered; independent and paired t-tests revealed a significant transfer of TK to youth. Qualitative analysis further revealed deep respect for TK, indicating that future initiatives should consider incorporating TK in health promotion strategies.

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Cette étude porte sur les impacts géomorphologiques de la crue extrême de la rivière Duval, qui s’est produite en juin 2008, dans la communauté de Pangnirtung au Nunavut. L’action combinée de l’érosion mécanique et thermique (thermo-érosion) du puissant torrent a rapidement causé l’érosion de 90 000 m3 de pergélisol près de l’embouchure de la rivière, endommageant de façon permanente les deux ponts situés au centre de la communauté. Un événement d’une telle envergure a soulevé de nombreuses inquiétudes dans la communauté notamment en ce qui a trait à la pérennité des infrastructures routières et résidentielles, à la sécurité des habitants ainsi qu’au risque de récurrence d’une telle crue. Cette étude a pour objet de quantifier les facteurs qui contribuent au processus à savoir, la température de l’eau, le débit fluvial, la température du pergélisol et sa teneur en glace et d’intégrer leur impact combiné dans une analyse numérique afin de mieux cerner les conditions dans lesquelles l’événement catastrophique s’est produit, d’évaluer les risques de récurrence d’une telle crue et de déterminer le degré de susceptibilité du cône alluvial de Pangnirtung face au processus d'érosion fluviale et de la thermo-érosion.

This thesis explores the relationship between Inuit art making, knowledge, and the process of cultural continuity or resilience, beginning with a review of relevant theory and literature focusing on concepts of voice, location and representation, and ending with an analysis based on interviews with art makers in Pangnirtung. I argue that through their creative practices, Panniqtuumiut and other Inuit artists are actively involved in the production and transmission of Inuit knowledge, an action that supports the process of cultural resilience. Specifically, this occurs as knowledge is materialized in works of art, circulated, and transmitted/interpreted. This project explores a critical approach to the interpretation of works of Inuit art, and the place of Inuit voice in that process.

This thesis explores the relationship between Inuit art making, knowledge, and the process of cultural continuity or resilience, beginning with a review of relevant theory and literature focusing on concepts of voice, location and representation, and ending with an analysis based on interviews with art makers in Pangnirtung. I argue that through their creative practices, Panniqtuumiut and other Inuit artists are actively involved in the production and transmission of Inuit knowledge, an action that supports the process of cultural resilience. Specifically, this occurs as knowledge is materialized in works of art, circulated, and transmitted/interpreted. This project explores a critical approach to the interpretation of works of Inuit art, and the place of Inuit voice in that process.

The Pangnirtung Tourism Program was initiated by the Government of the Northwest Territories as a pilot study in northern community based tourism in Pangnirtung, Baffin Island, in 1981. This thesis is a case study documentation and evaluation of that program. Its focus is to examine the program from the perspective of its participants, which include the residents of Pangnirtung, and planners, tourism representatives, consultants and government officials that have been involved with the program. The thesis identifies what the program's objectives are, what the program's strengths and weaknesses are in achieving its objectives, and how it could have been improved to better meet local community development goals. Documentation methods included an extensive literature search, personal interviews with 101 program participants, and a one-month stay in Pangnirtung. The Pangnirtung Tourism Program was initiated with the following main objectives: a) to set up a test case and demonstration project in northern tourism that could be learned from; b) to strengthen and diversify the economy in Pangnirtung; c) to encourage development that fit in with local lifestyles and social goals; and d) to contribute to capacity building in local community development. During the program's planning phase, community consultation was held, a local Tourism Committee was formed, and a consultants' report outlining a five-year strategy was produced. During implementation, the Tourism Committee has taken the lead in managing the program. Development programs have included: trail construction, historic sites development, a visitors' centre, host programs, cultural programs, outfitter training, local purchase of the hotel, and Committee organization. Since the program started, tourism visitation has increased, the industry is more controlled by locals, and there are more tourism activities in the community. As a test case, the program pioneered a new method of tourism development in the north, and much has been learned. No formal monitoring has been done, however, and this has limited its value as a tourism research and demonstration tool. The program has also created jobs and increased incomes in the community, however, most new jobs and income have been in the public sector. Therefore, it is questionable whether the program has served to decrease or increase dependency on government. The lack of documented data makes it impossible to do a detailed economic analysis. With rapidly increasing visitation and changing public expenditures, the economic impacts of the program should be closely monitored in the future. The program has also fitted in reasonably well with local lifestyles, and its cultural projects have contributed to local social programs. Minor disruptions of lifestyles and culture were documented, however, and these may well increase with increased visitation. The program should be monitored in the future to identify and mitigate potential social problems. The program also contributed, in a limited way, to capacity building in community development. Through involvement in businesses and the Tourism Committee, local people have controlled the direction of the program and have started building skills in business and program management. A lack of business awareness and management skills is still a major problem in the community, however, and increased training and organizational development to build this capacity should be given a priority. In conclusion, the program has been successful in achieving many of its objectives, and provides many lessons for tourism development in the north. By emphasizing local control, involvement and management, tourism has been developed with the participation of local people for the benefit of local people. By pioneering and demonstrating this approach in one Inuit community, the Pangnirtung Tourism Program has contributed significantly to facilitating community based tourism development in the north. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

En raison de sa croissance démographique, Pangnirtung doit accroître la superficie de son domaine habitable tout en composant avec une géomorphologie difficile et un pergélisol riche en glace. En vue de conserver l’intégrité du pergélisol et la stabilité des infrastructures, il est important de considérer différentes caractéristiques qui régissent le comportement mécanique du pergélisol tel que sa teneur en glace et sa sensibilité aux changements thermiques. La présente étude porte sur la caractérisation des conditions du pergélisol dans la communauté de Pangnirtung. Une cartographie de la répartition spatiale des dépôts de surface et des processus géomorphologiques à grande échelle a été réalisée. Les informations acquises sur la sensibilité au dégel du pergélisol permettront d’orienter le choix judicieux des types de fondations et l’élaboration du plan d’aménagement de la communauté, en prenant en considération les conditions de pergélisol variables sur le territoire, l’impact thermique des infrastructures, ainsi que les géo-risques.

Sailivik is a story about the evolutionary process of planning a mental healing retreat for the Inuit of Pangnirtung, Nunavut. The story is created through community consultation related to site selection, development of program and facility lists, initial site planning, and the building of a qammaq. It offers insights to methods of community work, Inuit landscape preferences, contemporary Inuit culture, and the land-based nature of sociological and psychological healing in an Inuit context. Further, any ideas of a finite outcome are challenged as the project continues to evolve and grow with further community efforts.

Sailivik is a story about the evolutionary process of planning a mental healing retreat for the Inuit of Pangnirtung, Nunavut. The story is created through community consultation related to site selection, development of program and facility lists, initial site planning, and the building of a qammaq. It offers insights to methods of community work, Inuit landscape preferences, contemporary Inuit culture, and the land-based nature of sociological and psychological healing in an Inuit context. Further, any ideas of a finite outcome are challenged as the project continues to evolve and grow with further community efforts.

Cette recherche doctorale examine les pratiques figuratives, les représentations symboliques et les enjeux socio-culturels des arts graphiques inuit dans les communautés de Kinngait (Cape Dorset) et de Pangniqtuuq (Pangnirtung) au Nunavut (Arctique canadien). Les notions de dessin (titiqtugaq-) et de parole (uqaq-) se placent au centre de la démarche qui est guidée par une approche interdisciplinaire, dans la perspective d’une ethnohistoire de l’art du dessin inuit. Trois parties structurent la démonstration. La première explore les configurations de la pensée inuit associées aux concepts d’art graphique, de représentation visuelle et de créateur, à partir de leur expression linguistique (chapitre II). Puis, une ethnographie de la scène artistique locale présente le dessin et les activités socio-économiques qui lui sont associées autour de la question du statut de l’artiste (chapitres III et IV). La deuxième partie envisage la figuration en rapport à la parole, à partir de la cosmogénèse et des techniques graphiques anciennes (chapitre V). Elle s’intéresse ensuite aux interactions entre le dessin et la parole sur un plan symbolique : dans le dessin, les pensées et les mots sont mis en actes (chapitres VI et VII). La dernière partie de la thèse définit l’art comme un élément de la dynamique socio-culturelle et politique des Nunavummiut. Le recours au dessin dans le cadre de projets communautaires est étudié à partir d’exemples récents (chapitre VIII), avant d’être replacé au centre des dynamiques relationnelles et des échanges socio-cosmiques dans une dimension ontologique (chapitre IX). Mots-clés : Nunavut, dessin inuit, parole, oralité, art graphique, ontologie, cosmologie, ethnohistoire de l’art, anthropologie, Arctique canadien. / This doctoral research examines the themes of figurative practices, symbolic representations and the socio-cultural stakes specific to Inuit graphic arts in the communities of Kinngait (Cape Dorset) and Pangniqtuuq (Pangnirtung) in Nunavut (the Canadian Arctic). The notions of drawing (titiqtugaq-) and of speech (uqaq-) are central to the thesis, which is guided by an interdisciplinary approach within the perspective of ethno-history of Inuit sketch art. The thesis is organized into three parts. The first explores the configuration of Inuit thought associated with the concepts of graphic art, visual representation and creation, through their linguistic expression (Chapter II). In addition, ethnography of the local art scene looks at drawing and the socio-economic activities that are associated with it, in connection with the status of the artist (Chapters III and IV). The second part looks at figuration in relation to power words, from cosmogenesis and ancient graphic techniques (Chapter V). With this in hand, the second part then looks at the interactions between drawing and speaking from a symbolic perspective: through drawings, the thoughts and words are put into action (Chapters VI and VII). The last part of the dissertation continues the analysis by defining art as part of the socio-cultural and political dynamics of the Nunavummiut. Recourse to drawing, as a community project, is studied with reference to recent examples (Chapter VIII), prior to being placed, within an ontological dimension, at the centre of relational and socio-cosmic exchange dynamics (Chapter IX). Keywords: Nunavut, Inuit drawing, speech, orality, graphic art, ontology, cosmology, ethno-history of art, anthropology, Canadian Arctic.