<p>Pappersbruken har två pappersmaskiner, PM4 som tillverkar mjukpapper från returfiber och PM13 som tillverkar papper till transformatorer och kablar från oblekt barrsulfatmassa. Överskottsvattnet från PM4, PM13 och returfiberanläggningen samt dagvattnet leds vidare till den externa avloppsreningen. Då någon utav pappersbruken har driftsstop erhålls ojämna utfall främst för pH och COD.</p><p>Syftet med projektet är att kartlägga pH och COD förändringen i de enskilda delstegen i processerna PM 4, PM 13 samt den externa avloppsreningen.</p><p>Det genomfördes intensiv provtagning från tolv provtagningspunkter i trettiotvå dagar. Prover analyserades samma dag med avseende på pH, konduktivitet, alkalinitet, COD, suspenderade ämnen och glödrester. Dessutom utfördes fällningsförsök på inkommande processavloppsvatten med styrd dosering av järnsulfat, järnklorid och aluminiumsulfat. Det genomfördes även metodvalidering, kalciumbestämning, samt försök med sammanblandat avloppsvattenprov.</p><p>Resultat från mätningarna visar att processlinje PM 4 har generellt sätt högre pH-, konduktivitet-, alkalinitet - och COD värden och högre halt glödrester, men lägre halt suspenderade ämnen än PM 13. Det konstaterades att den största förändringen i de två processerna sker strax innan och efter pappersmaskinen. Efter pappersmaskinen, i det vattnet som leds vidare till den externa avloppsreningen, erhålls 70% COD reduktion och en pH ökning på 0,75 pH ekvivalenter för PM 13, respektive 30% COD reduktion och en pH sänkning  på 1,27 pH ekvivalenter för PM 4. Totalt sätt, tyder resultat på att den största pH förändringen sker vid avloppsreningen, med 1,74 pH ekvivalenter. Från fällningsförsöken konstateras det att bästa pH- och lägsta COD- värden erhålls för fällningsmedlen, järnklorid och järnsulfat vid lägsta doseringsmängder, d.v.s. 97 g/m³ respektive 101 g/m³, utan pH justering. Resultat från jämförelse mellan processavloppsvatten och sammanblandat avloppsvatten, där dagvattenpåverkan utesluts tyder på 0,01-0,86 högre pH-värden i dem sammanblandade avloppsvattenprover. Alltså finns det en antydan att dagvatten bidrar till pH sänkning i ingående processavloppsvatten. För att åtgärda problemen borde järnklorid utprövas i lägre doseringsmängder i kombination med minskad svavelsyretillsats.<strong> </strong>Eventuellt kan järnklorid bytas ut mot järnsulfat. Installera mätinstrument för mätning av pH och COD direkt på det ingående- och utgående vattenflödet i den externa avloppsreningen för att möjliggöra exakt dosering av fällningskemikalierna utifrån dessa värden.</p><p>Dagvattnet borde avskiljas från avloppsreningen och istället avledas till det kommunala avloppsnätet.</p> / <p>The paper mills have two paper machines, the PM 4, producing tissue from the RCF and the PM 13, producing paper for transformers and cables from the unbleached softwood craft pulp. Excess water from PM4, PM13 and RCF factory, together with the storm water, leads on to the external wastewater treatment. When any of the paper mills has downtime, unequal outcomes are obtained, primarily with respect to pH and COD.</p><p>The aim of the project is to identify the individual steps in the processes PM 4, PM 13 and wastewater treatment re to the pH and COD changes.</p><p>Intensive sampling was carried out from twelve sampling points during thirty-two days. These samples were analyzed on the same day re to the pH, conductivity, alkalinity, COD, suspended solids, and inorganic residue. In addition, precipitation tests were carried out on the incoming wastewater with controlled doses of the ferrous sulphate, ferric chloride and aluminium sulphate. In addition methodological validation, calcium determination, and experiments with the mixed wastewater samples were carried out.</p><p>The results show that the process line PM 4 has generally higher pH, conductivity, alkalinity, COD and concentration inorganic residues, but has a lower content of suspended solids than PM 13. But the biggest difference in the two processes takes place just before and after the paper machine. After the paper machine, the water that goes on to the external wastewater treatment, where a 70% COD reduction and a pH increase of 0,75 pH equivalents for PM 13, and 30% COD reduction and a pH decrease of 1,27 pH equivalents for the PM 4 are obtained. The results suggest that the greatest pH change occurs in wastewater treatment, with 22.06%. From precipitation experiments it was found that the best pH values and lowest COD values where obtained for precipitation chemicals, ferric chloride and ferrous sulphate at the lowest dose levels, i.e. 97 g/m³ and 101 g/m³, without pH adjustment. Results from the correlation between wastewater- and mixed wastewater samples, which excludes impact of storm water, indicates that pH values are 0.01 to 0.86 pH equivalents higher in those mixed wastewater samples. Thus, there is a hint that the storm water contributes to pH reduction of the input wastewater.</p><p>To address these concerns ferric chloride should be tested at lower dose levels combined with reduced sulphuric acid addition. Eventually ferric chloride may be replaced by the iron sulphate. In addition, there should be measuring devices for pH and COD installed on the process wastewater and outgoing water, in the external wastewater treatment in order to allow for accurate dosing of chemicals precipitate from these values. Storm water should be separated from wastewater treatment and instead be diverted directly to the municipal sewage system.</p>

Pappersbruken har två pappersmaskiner, PM4 som tillverkar mjukpapper från returfiber och PM13 som tillverkar papper till transformatorer och kablar från oblekt barrsulfatmassa. Överskottsvattnet från PM4, PM13 och returfiberanläggningen samt dagvattnet leds vidare till den externa avloppsreningen. Då någon utav pappersbruken har driftsstop erhålls ojämna utfall främst för pH och COD. Syftet med projektet är att kartlägga pH och COD förändringen i de enskilda delstegen i processerna PM 4, PM 13 samt den externa avloppsreningen. Det genomfördes intensiv provtagning från tolv provtagningspunkter i trettiotvå dagar. Prover analyserades samma dag med avseende på pH, konduktivitet, alkalinitet, COD, suspenderade ämnen och glödrester. Dessutom utfördes fällningsförsök på inkommande processavloppsvatten med styrd dosering av järnsulfat, järnklorid och aluminiumsulfat. Det genomfördes även metodvalidering, kalciumbestämning, samt försök med sammanblandat avloppsvattenprov. Resultat från mätningarna visar att processlinje PM 4 har generellt sätt högre pH-, konduktivitet-, alkalinitet - och COD värden och högre halt glödrester, men lägre halt suspenderade ämnen än PM 13. Det konstaterades att den största förändringen i de två processerna sker strax innan och efter pappersmaskinen. Efter pappersmaskinen, i det vattnet som leds vidare till den externa avloppsreningen, erhålls 70% COD reduktion och en pH ökning på 0,75 pH ekvivalenter för PM 13, respektive 30% COD reduktion och en pH sänkning  på 1,27 pH ekvivalenter för PM 4. Totalt sätt, tyder resultat på att den största pH förändringen sker vid avloppsreningen, med 1,74 pH ekvivalenter. Från fällningsförsöken konstateras det att bästa pH- och lägsta COD- värden erhålls för fällningsmedlen, järnklorid och järnsulfat vid lägsta doseringsmängder, d.v.s. 97 g/m3 respektive 101 g/m3, utan pH justering. Resultat från jämförelse mellan processavloppsvatten och sammanblandat avloppsvatten, där dagvattenpåverkan utesluts tyder på 0,01-0,86 högre pH-värden i dem sammanblandade avloppsvattenprover. Alltså finns det en antydan att dagvatten bidrar till pH sänkning i ingående processavloppsvatten. För att åtgärda problemen borde järnklorid utprövas i lägre doseringsmängder i kombination med minskad svavelsyretillsats. Eventuellt kan järnklorid bytas ut mot järnsulfat. Installera mätinstrument för mätning av pH och COD direkt på det ingående- och utgående vattenflödet i den externa avloppsreningen för att möjliggöra exakt dosering av fällningskemikalierna utifrån dessa värden. Dagvattnet borde avskiljas från avloppsreningen och istället avledas till det kommunala avloppsnätet. / The paper mills have two paper machines, the PM 4, producing tissue from the RCF and the PM 13, producing paper for transformers and cables from the unbleached softwood craft pulp. Excess water from PM4, PM13 and RCF factory, together with the storm water, leads on to the external wastewater treatment. When any of the paper mills has downtime, unequal outcomes are obtained, primarily with respect to pH and COD. The aim of the project is to identify the individual steps in the processes PM 4, PM 13 and wastewater treatment re to the pH and COD changes. Intensive sampling was carried out from twelve sampling points during thirty-two days. These samples were analyzed on the same day re to the pH, conductivity, alkalinity, COD, suspended solids, and inorganic residue. In addition, precipitation tests were carried out on the incoming wastewater with controlled doses of the ferrous sulphate, ferric chloride and aluminium sulphate. In addition methodological validation, calcium determination, and experiments with the mixed wastewater samples were carried out. The results show that the process line PM 4 has generally higher pH, conductivity, alkalinity, COD and concentration inorganic residues, but has a lower content of suspended solids than PM 13. But the biggest difference in the two processes takes place just before and after the paper machine. After the paper machine, the water that goes on to the external wastewater treatment, where a 70% COD reduction and a pH increase of 0,75 pH equivalents for PM 13, and 30% COD reduction and a pH decrease of 1,27 pH equivalents for the PM 4 are obtained. The results suggest that the greatest pH change occurs in wastewater treatment, with 22.06%. From precipitation experiments it was found that the best pH values and lowest COD values where obtained for precipitation chemicals, ferric chloride and ferrous sulphate at the lowest dose levels, i.e. 97 g/m3 and 101 g/m3, without pH adjustment. Results from the correlation between wastewater- and mixed wastewater samples, which excludes impact of storm water, indicates that pH values are 0.01 to 0.86 pH equivalents higher in those mixed wastewater samples. Thus, there is a hint that the storm water contributes to pH reduction of the input wastewater. To address these concerns ferric chloride should be tested at lower dose levels combined with reduced sulphuric acid addition. Eventually ferric chloride may be replaced by the iron sulphate. In addition, there should be measuring devices for pH and COD installed on the process wastewater and outgoing water, in the external wastewater treatment in order to allow for accurate dosing of chemicals precipitate from these values. Storm water should be separated from wastewater treatment and instead be diverted directly to the municipal sewage system.

A indústria de papel e celulose representa um dos mais expressivos setores industriais do mundo, sendo de grande importância para a economia mundial. Na América do Sul, devido à grande disponibilidade de recursos florestais, O Brasil e o Chile são os maiores produtores de celulose. O Brasil produz em torno de 6 milhões de toneladas de polpa por ano, dos quais 98% são branqueadas, segundo pesquisas da Unicamp (2004). A produção de papel passou por evoluções ao longo dos anos, que possibilitou o melhoramento da qualidade e velocidade de produção, fazendo com que este setor industrial gerasse um aumento na capacidade produtiva, acarretando um aumento do volume de resíduos gerados pela indústria de papel e celulose. O alto consumo de papel e seus métodos de produção endossam o rol das atividades humanas mais nocivas ao planeta. Para produzir 1 tonelada de papel são necessárias 2 a 3 toneladas de madeira, uma grande quantidade de água (mais do que qualquer outra atividade industrial) e muita energia (está em quinto lugar na lista das que mais consomem energia). O principal objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar resultados da avaliação, em laboratório, de propriedades físicas e mecânicas de misturas constituídas de solo, cal e resíduo da fabricação de papel, visando sua utilização na construção rodoviária. Os ensaios de compactação foram realizados na energia equivalente ao Proctor Normal e o comportamento mecânico das misturas foi avaliado mediante os resultados obtidos dos ensaios de compressão simples, compressão diametral e triaxial cíclico. Para a realização destes ensaios escolheram-se os teores de 0 e 40% de resíduo e os teores 0,5 e 10% de cal. Avaliou-se, também, a rigidez do material mediante o módulo tangente inicial (Eo) e módulo de resistência (Mr). Os corpos-de-prova foram ensaiados sem imersão e após imersão em água por 4 horas, decorridos 7 dias de cura em câmara úmida. Posteriormente, analisou-se a influência do tempo de cura para 0, 2, 7, 28 84 dias de permanência em câmara úmida. Para determinar a periculosidade do resíduo foram executados ensaios ambientais de lixiviação e solubilização. Os resultados mostraram que a adição do resíduo e a influência da água agiram como agentes redutores das propriedades mecânicas. Entretanto, as misturas de solo-cal e solo-resíduo-cal atendem às especificações técnicas da State of the art 5 - Lime stabilization (TRB, 1987), oferecendo uma solução viável para a utilização destas misturas na construção rodoviária. Observou-se, também, que o aumento do tempo de cura e teor de cal conduziu a valores crescentes de resistência e rigidez. Os ensaios ambientais realizados no solo, resíduo da fabricação de papel e na mistura solo-resíduo-cal foram essenciais para se obter parâmetros que permitam acompanhar o desequilíbrio que possa surgir no meio ambiente decorrente da aplicação deste resíduo em camadas de base e sub-base de pavimentos. / The paper and pulp industry represent one of the most expressive industrial sector around the world, being of great importance to the world economy. In South America, because of the wide forest resources, Brazil and Chile are the largest pulp-producing. Brazil produces around 6 million tons of pulp per year, among which 98% of the pulp are produced by the bleaching process, according to research from Unicamp (2004). The paper production has undergone changes through the years, which enabled the improvement of the quality and speed of production. It made that this industrial sector has an increase of productive capacity and of waste\'s volume produced for the paper and pulp industry. The high consumption of paper and its productions ways increase the contingent of human most harmful activities o the planet. To produce 1 ton of paper are necessary from 2 to 3 tons of wood, a lot of water (more than any other industrial activity) and a lot of energy (it is in the fifth place in the list of industries that consume more energy). The main goal of this paper is present results of assessment, in laboratory, of physical and mechanical properties of mixtures of soil, lime and residue from the manufacture of paper, for their use in road construction. The compaction tests were made in the equivalent energy to the normal Proctor and the mechanical behavior of the mixtures was evaluated on the strength of the results of tests for unconfined compressive strength, diametrical compression and cyclic loading triaxial. For these tests have been chosen the levels of 0 and 40% of waste and the levels 0,5 and 10% of lime. It was evaluated also the stiffness of the material by the initial tangent modulus (Eo) and resilient modulus (Mr). The samples were tested without immersion and after immersion in water for 4 hours, after 7 days of cure in a moist chamber. Subsequently, it was analyzed the influence of curing time for 0, 2, 7, 28 and 84 days of stay in a moist chamber. To determine the dangerousness of the residue were performed environmental testing of leaching and solubility. The results showed that the addition of waste and the influence of water acted as reducing agents of mechanical properties. However mixtures of soil-lime and soil-residue-lime meet the technical specifications of the State of the art 5 - Lime stabilization (TRB, 1987), providing a feasible solution to the use of such mixtures in road construction. Observed also that increasing the curing time and content of lime led to increasing values of strength and stiffness. The environmental testing conducted in the soil residue from the manufacture of paper and the mixture soil-residue-lime were essential for obtaining parameters for monitoring the imbalance that may arise in the environment resulting from the application of this waste in layers of base and sub base\'s pavements.

A indústria de papel e celulose representa um dos mais expressivos setores industriais do mundo, sendo de grande importância para a economia mundial. Na América do Sul, devido à grande disponibilidade de recursos florestais, O Brasil e o Chile são os maiores produtores de celulose. O Brasil produz em torno de 6 milhões de toneladas de polpa por ano, dos quais 98% são branqueadas, segundo pesquisas da Unicamp (2004). A produção de papel passou por evoluções ao longo dos anos, que possibilitou o melhoramento da qualidade e velocidade de produção, fazendo com que este setor industrial gerasse um aumento na capacidade produtiva, acarretando um aumento do volume de resíduos gerados pela indústria de papel e celulose. O alto consumo de papel e seus métodos de produção endossam o rol das atividades humanas mais nocivas ao planeta. Para produzir 1 tonelada de papel são necessárias 2 a 3 toneladas de madeira, uma grande quantidade de água (mais do que qualquer outra atividade industrial) e muita energia (está em quinto lugar na lista das que mais consomem energia). O principal objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar resultados da avaliação, em laboratório, de propriedades físicas e mecânicas de misturas constituídas de solo, cal e resíduo da fabricação de papel, visando sua utilização na construção rodoviária. Os ensaios de compactação foram realizados na energia equivalente ao Proctor Normal e o comportamento mecânico das misturas foi avaliado mediante os resultados obtidos dos ensaios de compressão simples, compressão diametral e triaxial cíclico. Para a realização destes ensaios escolheram-se os teores de 0 e 40% de resíduo e os teores 0,5 e 10% de cal. Avaliou-se, também, a rigidez do material mediante o módulo tangente inicial (Eo) e módulo de resistência (Mr). Os corpos-de-prova foram ensaiados sem imersão e após imersão em água por 4 horas, decorridos 7 dias de cura em câmara úmida. Posteriormente, analisou-se a influência do tempo de cura para 0, 2, 7, 28 84 dias de permanência em câmara úmida. Para determinar a periculosidade do resíduo foram executados ensaios ambientais de lixiviação e solubilização. Os resultados mostraram que a adição do resíduo e a influência da água agiram como agentes redutores das propriedades mecânicas. Entretanto, as misturas de solo-cal e solo-resíduo-cal atendem às especificações técnicas da State of the art 5 - Lime stabilization (TRB, 1987), oferecendo uma solução viável para a utilização destas misturas na construção rodoviária. Observou-se, também, que o aumento do tempo de cura e teor de cal conduziu a valores crescentes de resistência e rigidez. Os ensaios ambientais realizados no solo, resíduo da fabricação de papel e na mistura solo-resíduo-cal foram essenciais para se obter parâmetros que permitam acompanhar o desequilíbrio que possa surgir no meio ambiente decorrente da aplicação deste resíduo em camadas de base e sub-base de pavimentos. / The paper and pulp industry represent one of the most expressive industrial sector around the world, being of great importance to the world economy. In South America, because of the wide forest resources, Brazil and Chile are the largest pulp-producing. Brazil produces around 6 million tons of pulp per year, among which 98% of the pulp are produced by the bleaching process, according to research from Unicamp (2004). The paper production has undergone changes through the years, which enabled the improvement of the quality and speed of production. It made that this industrial sector has an increase of productive capacity and of waste\'s volume produced for the paper and pulp industry. The high consumption of paper and its productions ways increase the contingent of human most harmful activities o the planet. To produce 1 ton of paper are necessary from 2 to 3 tons of wood, a lot of water (more than any other industrial activity) and a lot of energy (it is in the fifth place in the list of industries that consume more energy). The main goal of this paper is present results of assessment, in laboratory, of physical and mechanical properties of mixtures of soil, lime and residue from the manufacture of paper, for their use in road construction. The compaction tests were made in the equivalent energy to the normal Proctor and the mechanical behavior of the mixtures was evaluated on the strength of the results of tests for unconfined compressive strength, diametrical compression and cyclic loading triaxial. For these tests have been chosen the levels of 0 and 40% of waste and the levels 0,5 and 10% of lime. It was evaluated also the stiffness of the material by the initial tangent modulus (Eo) and resilient modulus (Mr). The samples were tested without immersion and after immersion in water for 4 hours, after 7 days of cure in a moist chamber. Subsequently, it was analyzed the influence of curing time for 0, 2, 7, 28 and 84 days of stay in a moist chamber. To determine the dangerousness of the residue were performed environmental testing of leaching and solubility. The results showed that the addition of waste and the influence of water acted as reducing agents of mechanical properties. However mixtures of soil-lime and soil-residue-lime meet the technical specifications of the State of the art 5 - Lime stabilization (TRB, 1987), providing a feasible solution to the use of such mixtures in road construction. Observed also that increasing the curing time and content of lime led to increasing values of strength and stiffness. The environmental testing conducted in the soil residue from the manufacture of paper and the mixture soil-residue-lime were essential for obtaining parameters for monitoring the imbalance that may arise in the environment resulting from the application of this waste in layers of base and sub base\'s pavements.