This is a study of parenting and child development in a slum area in a developing part of the world. The aims of the study were threefold. The first aim was to explore the physical and social contexts for parenting in a shantytown in Rio de Janeiro using an ecological perspective. The second aim was to examine parenting and subsequent child outcomes among a sample of families living in the shantytown. The third aim was to explore what factors contribute to differences among parents in how they nurture and protect their children. The theoretical framework of the study was an updated version of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model of human development. Using self-report questionnaires developed by Rohner, data on perceived parental acceptance–rejection were collected from 72 families with adolescents 12–14 years old, representing approx. 75% of all households with children in this age group in the shantytown. Besides self-report questionnaires, each adolescent’s main caregiver replied to several standardized questionnaires developed by Garbarino et al., eliciting demographic and social-situational data about the family, neighborhood, and wider community. The results of the study paint a complex portrait of the social living conditions of the parents and children. Despite many difficulties, most parents seemed to raise their children with loving care. The results from the self-report questionnaires indicate that the majority of the adolescents perceived substantial parental acceptance. The adolescents’ experience of greater or lesser parental acceptance–rejection seems to influence their emotional and behavioral functioning; it also seems to be related to their school attendance. Much of the variation in degree of perceived acceptance–rejection seems to be related both to characteristics of the individual adolescents and their main caregiver(s) and to influences from the social and environmental context in which they and their caregivers interact and live their lives.

<p>This is a study of parenting and child development in a slum area in a developing part of the world. The aims of the study were threefold. The first aim was to explore the physical and social contexts for parenting in a shantytown in Rio de Janeiro using an ecological perspective. The second aim was to examine parenting and subsequent child outcomes among a sample of families living in the shantytown. The third aim was to explore what factors contribute to differences among parents in how they nurture and protect their children. The theoretical framework of the study was an updated version of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model of human development. Using self-report questionnaires developed by Rohner, data on perceived parental acceptance–rejection were collected from 72 families with adolescents 12–14 years old, representing approx. 75% of all households with children in this age group in the shantytown. Besides self-report questionnaires, each adolescent’s main caregiver replied to several standardized questionnaires developed by Garbarino et al., eliciting demographic and social-situational data about the family, neighborhood, and wider community. The results of the study paint a complex portrait of the social living conditions of the parents and children. Despite many difficulties, most parents seemed to raise their children with loving care. The results from the self-report questionnaires indicate that the majority of the adolescents perceived substantial parental acceptance. The adolescents’ experience of greater or lesser parental acceptance–rejection seems to influence their emotional and behavioral functioning; it also seems to be related to their school attendance. Much of the variation in degree of perceived acceptance–rejection seems to be related both to characteristics of the individual adolescents and their main caregiver(s) and to influences from the social and environmental context in which they and their caregivers interact and live their lives.</p>

The purpose of the current study was to examine the path of parental acceptancerejection/ control, personality traits, coping strategies and psychological distress consequently. For the purpose of this study, 444 adults (134 male, 308 female, and 2 unknown) between the ages of 17 and 35 (M = 21.60, SD = 2.77) participated in the current study. The data was collected by a questionnaire battery including a Demographic Variable Sheet, Mother and Father Forms of Parent Acceptance- Rejection/Control Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Trait Anxiety Inventory, The Ways of Coping Inventory, and Basic Personality Traits Inventory. The three sets of hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to reveal the significant associates of psychological distress. As expected, the results of the current study revealed that parental rejection, different personality traits and different coping strategies had associated with psychological distress as depression and trait anxiety. Following findings and the relevant literature, the limitations, therapeutic implications of the current study, and the suggestion for future research were discussed.

The aim of the present study was to examine the associations between demographic variables, parental acceptance-rejection (PAR), social support (SS), locus of control (LC), and psychological problems with adolescents. The study consisted of 375 high school students (215 females and 160 males) from three different high schools in Ankara whose age range between 14-18. Furthermore, 134 of students&rsquo / both parents, 18 of students&rsquo / only mothers, and 5 of students&rsquo / only fathers participated into the study. A questionnaire packet (Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire/Control: Child Version, Personality Assessment Questionnaire: Child Version, Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule, Social Support Appraisals Scale for Children, Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children) was administered to the students and Conners&rsquo / Parent Rating Scale was filled by both mothers and fathers. The results revealed that after controlling the effect of demographic variables, SS from family was positively associated with positive affect and negatively with externalizing problems and psychological maladjustment (PM). After controlling the effects of demographic variables and SS, internal LC was positively associated with positive affect and impulsivity/hyperactivity and external LC with PM. Moreover, controlling the effects of demographic variables, SS and LC, maternal hostility/aggression was positively associated with PM / maternal undifferentiated rejection with negative affect, conduct problem and oppositional defiant disorder / paternal warmth/affection with positive affect and learning problem / paternal indifference/neglect with impulsivity/hyperactivity and paternal undifferentiated rejection with oppositional defiant disorder. The findings of the study were discussed in the light of the literature. Additionally, limitations and implications of the study and suggestions for future researches were stated.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationships between parental acceptance-rejection/control, personality constructs and symptoms of psychopathology. In this regard, 801 university students (440 females and 361 males) between the ages of 18 and 47 (M = 21.85, SD = 2.59) participated in the present study. The data of the study were collected by a package of questionnaires consisting of Demographic Information Sheet, Mother Form of Parental Acceptance-Rejection/ Control Questionnaire, Father Form of Parental Acceptance-Rejection/ Control Questionnaire, Basic Personality Traits Inventory, Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Locus of Control Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Trait form of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory and Trait form of the State Trait Anger Expression Inventory, respectively. Prior to main analyses, factor structure of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale was investigated in a university student sample. Similar to the original formulation and theoretical background, a six-factor solution was utilized including concern over mistakes, doubts about actions, personal standards, organization parental criticism and parental expectations factors. Later on, various MANOVAs were conducted to examine the influence of demographic variables on the measures of the study. Accordingly, socio-economic level and gender were indentified to have influence on parental behaviors, personality constructs and trait anxiety. Afterwards, two sets of hierarchical analyses were conducted to examine the paths between personality constructs and symptoms of psychopathology. As expected, negative parental behaviors predicted maladaptive personality constructs and symptoms of psychopathology. Furthermore, multiple regression analyses were conducted to test the mediator role of perfectionism on the relationship between parental rejection/control and symptoms of psychopathology. Accordingly, perfectionism was identified as a mediator on the relationship between both maternal and paternal rejection and symptoms of psychopathology. On the other hand, in terms of parental control, only the relationship between paternal control and trait anger was mediated by the perfectionism. Later on, results of the current study were discussed within the related literature findings. Finally, clinical implications and suggestions for future research were stated.