This study represents a sociolinguistic contribution to the analysis of Past Participle Agreement (PPA) in [avoir+PP] constructions. In spoken French, this agreement is marked only for gender, and is subject to much variation in the production of speakers of French. The objectives of this thesis are twofold: firstly, to observe the variable in the context of production, by a quantitative study of several corpora. Variation in the production of PPA is tested against linguistic factors, such as the position of the participle in the verbal group where it appears. Social and stylistic factors are also considered, notably the socioprofessional category of the speaker. These analyses reveal that agreement is conditioned by a complex interaction of these factors. The second objective is the design of a Matched Guise Test, based on scripted conversations. This test was carried out with a view to measuring the extent to which the presence or absence of marked PPA, often considered a typical result of normative pressures, affects the stereotypical social representation of a speaker. Differences in informants' judgements were modest, and two issues are discussed with regard to this: firstly, the validity of the methodology, and secondly, the evaluation of PPA as a sociolinguistic marker. Both parts of this thesis reflect the methodological issues pertaining to the investigation of a rare variable.

During an annotation project of 60 000 Afrikaans tokens by CTexT (North-West University), the developers had to answer difficult questions with regard to the annotation of the participle specifically. One of the main reasons for this difficulty is that the different sources that offer descriptions of the participle in Afrikaans are conflicting in such descriptions and, depending on which source is consulted, would provide different annotations. In order to clarify the uncertainty of how the participle in Afrikaans should be annotated, the available literature was surveyed to determine the exact nature of the participle in Afrikaans. The descriptions of the participle in Afrikaans were further situated in the context of how participles are described in English and Dutch. The conclusion that was reached is that the participle form of the verb in Afrikaans should be distinguished from the periphrastic construction form of the verb that appears in the past and the passive constructions. Furthermore, this study determined to what extent a cognitive usage-based descriptive framework could contribute towards a better understanding of the participle in Afrikaans. The first conclusion that was reached is that a characterisation of the participle within this framework enables one to make conceptual sense of the morphological structure of the participle. The study shows how the morphological structure of the participle is responsible for the fact that the verbal character of the participle stays intact while the participle functions as another word class. Another conclusion that was reached regarding the characterisation of the past and passive constructions from a cognitive usage-based descriptive framework is that the framework makes it possible to distinguish conceptually between the periphrastic form of the verb and the participle form of the verb. Lastly, the study determined to what extent new insights into the participle in Afrikaans could lead to alternative lemmatisation and part-of-speech-tagging of participles in the NCHLT-corpus. The conclusion that was reached is that participles are primarily lemmatised satisfactorily. Proposals that are made in order to improve the lemmatisation protocol, include: (i) distinguishing in the protocol between periphrastic forms of the verb and the participle form of the verb; (ii) repeating the guideline for the lemmatisation of compound verbs that was provided for verb lemmatisation under the lemmatisation guidelines for participles; (iii) adding more lexicalised adjectives to the existing list in the protocol; and (iv) suggesting a guideline that would allow one to consistently distinguish between participles that could function as adverbs as well as participles that could function as prepositions. The conclusion that was reached after the analysis of the part-of-speech protocol is that the part-of-speech tag set in Afrikaans does not allow for the specific attributes and values of participles to be taken into account. Participles in the Afrikaans tag set are tagged strictly according to the function of the word. Although such an approach is very practical, it results in a linguistically poorer part-of-speech tag that ignores the verbal character of the participle. An alternative strategy is therefore suggested for the part-of-speech tagging of participles in which the attributes and values of the verb tag are adapted. / MA (Linguistics and Literary Theory), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

During an annotation project of 60 000 Afrikaans tokens by CTexT (North-West University), the developers had to answer difficult questions with regard to the annotation of the participle specifically. One of the main reasons for this difficulty is that the different sources that offer descriptions of the participle in Afrikaans are conflicting in such descriptions and, depending on which source is consulted, would provide different annotations. In order to clarify the uncertainty of how the participle in Afrikaans should be annotated, the available literature was surveyed to determine the exact nature of the participle in Afrikaans. The descriptions of the participle in Afrikaans were further situated in the context of how participles are described in English and Dutch. The conclusion that was reached is that the participle form of the verb in Afrikaans should be distinguished from the periphrastic construction form of the verb that appears in the past and the passive constructions. Furthermore, this study determined to what extent a cognitive usage-based descriptive framework could contribute towards a better understanding of the participle in Afrikaans. The first conclusion that was reached is that a characterisation of the participle within this framework enables one to make conceptual sense of the morphological structure of the participle. The study shows how the morphological structure of the participle is responsible for the fact that the verbal character of the participle stays intact while the participle functions as another word class. Another conclusion that was reached regarding the characterisation of the past and passive constructions from a cognitive usage-based descriptive framework is that the framework makes it possible to distinguish conceptually between the periphrastic form of the verb and the participle form of the verb. Lastly, the study determined to what extent new insights into the participle in Afrikaans could lead to alternative lemmatisation and part-of-speech-tagging of participles in the NCHLT-corpus. The conclusion that was reached is that participles are primarily lemmatised satisfactorily. Proposals that are made in order to improve the lemmatisation protocol, include: (i) distinguishing in the protocol between periphrastic forms of the verb and the participle form of the verb; (ii) repeating the guideline for the lemmatisation of compound verbs that was provided for verb lemmatisation under the lemmatisation guidelines for participles; (iii) adding more lexicalised adjectives to the existing list in the protocol; and (iv) suggesting a guideline that would allow one to consistently distinguish between participles that could function as adverbs as well as participles that could function as prepositions. The conclusion that was reached after the analysis of the part-of-speech protocol is that the part-of-speech tag set in Afrikaans does not allow for the specific attributes and values of participles to be taken into account. Participles in the Afrikaans tag set are tagged strictly according to the function of the word. Although such an approach is very practical, it results in a linguistically poorer part-of-speech tag that ignores the verbal character of the participle. An alternative strategy is therefore suggested for the part-of-speech tagging of participles in which the attributes and values of the verb tag are adapted. / MA (Linguistics and Literary Theory), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

v anglickém jazyce: The topic of this dissertation is the past participle and its use in the contemporary Spanish language system. The character of the thesis is both theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part delineates the issue of the Spanish past participle in the context of non-finite verbs and explores the general matters of the past participle connected with its morphological and syntactic- semantical features. The empirical part consists of two case studies of selected past participle constructions, dar por + past participle a una vez + past participle, based on language research within the parallel corpus InterCorp and single language corpus CREA. The aim of the research is to identify the particular past participles forming the core of the above-mentioned constructions and, by way of contrastive analysis, describe the possibilities of expressing these constructions in the Czech language. The individual findings are quantified and documented by examples.

About fifty out of approximately 250 irregular English verbs have regular alternatives in the past tense and/or the past participle. There are often marked preferences for using the irregular or the regular form of the verbs, influenced by several factors. The present corpus-based study investigates the distributions in contemporary British (BrE) and American English (AmE) of the two alternative past tense forms for the two verbs “light”, and “speed” as well as the two past participle variants for the verb “prove”. The factors which are considered in the study are (1) language variety, (2) past tense vs. past participle, and (3) transitive vs. intransitive use of the verbs. It is demonstrated that there are (verb specific) significant differences in frequencies across the factors. Some issues for the study are discussed, in particular unreliable tagging in the corpora used as well as potential sources for random or systematic errors. Some avenues for additional research are proposed.

Esta dissertação objetiva descrever diacronicamente o gerúndio, desde o latim até o português arcaico, a fim de apontar como e quando suas funções foram ampliadas à custa do particípio presente. Para levar a pesquisa a cabo, recorreu-se a dois difundidos métodos da Linguística Diacrônica: o método de análise documental indutiva e o método histórico-comparativo. O primeiro consiste em analisar traços e fenômenos linguísticos diretamente nos textos antigos para, ao cabo, sistematizar e interpretar os dados analisados. O segundo, mais teórico e mais abstrato, consiste em reconstruir traços de uma língua ancestral por meio da comparação indutiva de traços das línguas descendentes. Esta pesquisa consta de cinco corpora três de textos latinos e dois de textos portugueses medievais , nos quais se analisam não só o gerúndio, como também o particípio presente. Os corpora são estes: 1) Antología del Latín Vulgar, de Díaz e Díaz (1962); 2) Glosas Emilianenses, Glosas Silenses e documentos privados ibéricos, coligidos em Pidal (1950); 3) Os documentos do Tombo de Toxos Outos, de Pérez Rodríguez (2004); 4) 150 cantigas portuguesas de escárnio e maldizer; 5) Um Flos Sanctorum Trecentista, de Machado Filho (2009). Para a aplicação do método histórico-comparativo, recorre-se ao português e às outras quatro línguas neolatinas majoritárias: francês, italiano, castelhano e romeno. Os resultados mostram que a disputa entre o gerúndio e o particípio presente já ocorria desde os primeiros momentos da literatura latina, até que, por volta do século II d.C., antes de a relativa unidade do latim se romper, o gerúndio o sobrepujasse no latim popular. / This dissertation aims to describe diacronically the gerund, from Latin to Old Portuguese, in order to point out how and when its functions were enlarged at the expense of the present participle. In order to conduct this research, two diffused methods of Diachronic Linguistics were used: the method of inductive documental analysis and the historical-comparative method. The first consists in analyzing linguistic features and phenomena directly in the old texts in order to systematize and interpret the analyzed data. The second, more theoretical and more abstract, consists in reconstructing features of an ancestral language by the inductive comparison of features of the descendant languages. This research consists of five corpora three of Latin texts and two of Portuguese medieval texts , in which the gerund, as well as the present participle, are analyzed. The corpora are these: 1) Antología del Latín Vulgar, by Díaz y Díaz (1962); 2) Glosas Emilianenses, Glosas Silenses and private Iberian documents, collected in Pidal (1950); 3) Os documentos do Tombo de Toxos Outos, of Pérez Rodríguez (2004); 4) 150 Portuguese derision and cursing poems; 5) Um Flos Sanctorum Trecentista, by Machado Filho (2009). For the application of the historical-comparative method, the Portuguese and the other four Neo-Latin languages are used: French, Italian, Castilian and Romanian. The results show that the dispute between the gerund and the present participle had already taken place from the earliest moments of Latin literature, until, by the second century AD, before the relative unity of Latin broke, the gerund had surpassed it in popular Latin.

This thesis is devoted to the investigation of two morphological classes in Tocharian and their Indo-European prehistory and affiliation: 1) the continuants of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) thematic ("class I") adjectives, and 2) a class of agent formations related to them. / Linguistics

Teilw. zugl.: Ljubljana, University, Diss., 2004.

The topic of this diploma thesis is an analysis of the baroque period's transgressives. Both the contemporary norm relative to the transgressives and its theoretical reflexion are observed on the base of five grammar writings from the given historic age. An obtained knowledge is then compared with a material excerpted from the writings corresponding to their date of origin during the period in baroque. The oldest of these scholarly writings is "Mappa katolická" by Jiří Plachý, followed by "Kronika klattovská" written by Jan Florián Hammerschmid and a late baroque polemic "Obzvláštné pravdy náboženství katholického" by Jan Hubálek. In this thesis, the transgressives are examined from both phonological and morphological point of view, but the greatest emphasis is placed on problematic facets, such as the gender congruence, the aspect of source verb and the transgressives' meaning derived from the primal participles. The diploma thesis sets its goal to describe the state of baroque transgressives and their using in contemporary literature as exactly as possible. Beside of these, it aims to specify the trend, on which end is the current wither of these grammatical forms.

Submitted by Fabiano Vassallo (fabianovassallo2127@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T13:54:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Douglas - Dissertação Definitiva.pdf: 2129571 bytes, checksum: 45b5485f16834386c97f47885b688640 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Geisa Drumond (gmdrumond@vm.uff.br) on 2017-04-19T14:43:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Douglas - Dissertação Definitiva.pdf: 2129571 bytes, checksum: 45b5485f16834386c97f47885b688640 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T14:43:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Douglas - Dissertação Definitiva.pdf: 2129571 bytes, checksum: 45b5485f16834386c97f47885b688640 (MD5) / Nesta pesquisa, procuramos descrever os diversos usos do particípio presente nas comédias de Plauto (séc. II a. C.), à luz de alguns postulados da Linguística Funcional, em sua vertente norte-americana. Propomos uma associação entre noções linguísticas explicitadas nos textos dos autores latinos e conceitos próprios de nosso suporte teórico: as concepções de uso, variação e mudança discutidas pelas correntes teóricas modernas já estavam presentes nos manuais de retórica e de gramática antigos. Constatamos que o particípio era interpretado, de acordo com pensamento antigo, como uma classe de palavras distinta das demais, por participar ao mesmo tempo da natureza do verbo e do adjetivo. Antes mesmo da análise dos dados, indicamos diversos apontamentos acerca do emprego do particípio presente, pautados em compêndios gramaticais modernos, com o objetivo de contrastar tais informações com usos encontrados no texto do comediógrafo. Em um recorte sincrônico, observamos os particípios sempre levando em consideração o seu contexto de uso. Coletamos os exemplos nas 20 comédias, e com base neles, propomos quatro padrões funcionais: a) particípio presente com função verbal: b) particípio presente com função própria; c) particípio presente com função adjetiva; e) particípio presente com função circunstancial. Com base nesses padrões, comprovamos a nossas hipóteses iniciais de que o particípio possui níveis escalares de significação de acordo com o seu contexto de aparição e de que tais níveis escalares partem da categoria do verbo para a categoria do adjetivo / In this research, we intend to describe various uses of the present participle in the comedies of Plautus (centuries. III-II. B.C.), under the view of some postulates of Functional Linguistics in its North American line. We propose an association between linguistic concepts explained in the texts of Latin authors and concepts of our theoretical support: the concepts of use, variation and change discussed by modern scholars were already present in the ancient manuals of rhetoric and grammar. We note that the participle was interpreted, according to ancient thought, as a word class distinct of the others, participating at the same time the nature of the verb and adjective. Even before the data analysis, we indicated several notes about the use of the present participle, guided by modern grammatical textbooks, in order to contrast the information with uses found in the comedy writer text. In a synchronic cut, we observe the participles always taking into account their context of use. We collect the samples in the 21 comedies, and based on them, we propose four functional standards: a) present participle with verbal function: b) present participle having individual functions; c) present participle with adjectival function; e) present participle with circumstantial function. Based on these patterns, we proved to our initial hypothesis that the participle has scalar levels of meaning, according to their appearance of context, and that such scalar levels range from the category of the verb for the category of adjective