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Metals on the verge or just in the weakly magnetic state offer a unique testing ground for current theories of itinerant magnetism. Three investigations of such systems using neutron scattering are outlined in this work. TiBe(_2) is of interest since the random substitution of copperat Be atom sites expands the lattice allowing one to cross the threshold from an incipient to a weakly magnetic state. Small angle neutron scattering studies of spin density fluctuations in TiBe(_1.5) Cu(_0.5) have shown that a single phenomonological model is sufficient to describe the collected integrated intensities above and below the magnetic phase transition temperature. Observations below the transition temperature may be attributed to scattering from damped spin waves. Polarised neutron diffraction studies of a single crystal of ZrFe(_2) are in contradiction with reported band structure calculations of a strong ferrimagnetic ground state. The magnetic distribution in real space around the Fe ions is highly spherical and the form factor closely follows that of free Fe ions in reciprocal space. A small angle neutron scattering investigation of the helical spin wave density wave in MnSi below the magnetic phase transition and spin density fluctuations in the paramagnetic regime under hydrostatic pressure has been performed.

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An automated air shower array to investigate the properties of showers accompanied by high energy muons has been constructed to run in conjunction with the Durham magnetic automated muon spectro graph (M.A.R.S.). Measurements of the lateral distribution of muons have been obtained for muon energies ≥50, ≥100, ≥200, and ≥300 GeV in showers of size 5 x 10(^4) - 3 x 10(^6) particles for core distance of up to 50 metres. Details are given of the construction of the array, the computer handling of the collected data, its treatment and its analysis. Based on the current high energy nuclear interaction models, theoretical predictions of the muon lateral distributions have been examined and it is shown that the assumptions on which these models are based may be valid for high energy muons in E.A.S. Broad agreement is found with the predictions of the O.K.P. and the Slow Multiple Fire Ball (S.M.F.B.) models as applied to extensive air showers by Olejnizhack (1975) and Greider (1977). A comparison of the data is made with the predictions of the Feynman scaling model (Goned, 1975, and Fishbane et ,al, 1974) and it is shown that the scaling model and an assumed pure proton primary predicts lower values of muon densities than those observed in the present experiment. In contrast, it would appear that a combination of a scaling model and an assumed iron primary spectrum gives a better agreement with experimental data. In a preliminary experiment a small air shower array around the spectrograph was constructed and used to measure the sea level rate of muons having energies ≥5 GeV in small air showers. Experimental results are also presented on the sea level rate of these showers, their angular distribution, density and size spectra. In this experiment, comparison is made between the experimental data and theoretical predictions and the results., of other workers wherever possible. An account of the properties of the primary cosmic radiation and the showers they initiate is given in Chapters 1 and 2 with special reference to the muon component of E.A.S.

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Any future linear collider requires a beam stabilisation system at the interaction point to the to maintain luminosities. This thesis details the development of prototypes of three such systems based at the Accelerator Test Facility 2 (ATF2) at KEK, Japan. The upstream feedback system utilises two stripline beam position monitors (BPMs) and two stripline kickers located in the ATF2 extraction line to stabilise the position and angle of the beam; the correction is then measured downstream at the ATF2 beam waist by a cavity BPM. The feedforward system uses the two upstream stripline BPMs to measure the position of the beam and calculate a correction signal which is then implemented locally by a stripline kicker located near the beam waist; the correction is then measured at the beam waist by a cavity BPM. The IP feedback system uses the position measured at the ATF2 beam waist by a cavity BPM and implements a correction based on this position using the local stripline kicker; the correction is then measured at the beam waist by a cavity BPM. Tests of the upstream feedback system have demonstrated stabilisation of the ATF2 beam waist at approximately the 300 nm level; tests of the feedforward and IP feedback systems have demonstrated stabilisation of the ATF2 beam waist at approximately the 100 nm level. Additional work undertaken to improve the processing electronics of the stripline BPMs is detailed. The cavity BPMs and their electronics are characterised and offline analysis techniques to improve the BPM resolutions set out. Results demonstrating resolutions of approximately 350 nm for the stripline BPMs and 80 nm for the cavity BPMs are presented.