The primary objective of ventilation in a building is to ensure that the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), together with the heating system, keep the thermal climate at an acceptable level. Meaning the deployment of ventilation air at the appropriate temperature rate supplied to meet the thermal climate into the parts of the building where residents reside. In Sweden, the two most commonly used ventilation strategies are stack ventilation and forced extract ventilation. Both methods utilize exhaust openings in kitchens and sanitary areas, while fresh air is drawn from either permeable external walls or through inlets located near windows and as distant as possible from the exhaust openings (Manz & Huber, 2000). Stack-effect ventilation, also known as buoyancy ventilation, utilizes convective forces. Thus, vertical interior openings such as stairways or atriums play an essential role in the distribution of air and its suitability. Utilizing additional building elements such as a chimney enhances the stack-effect ventilation by elevating the height of the “vertical core” of warm air within the structure. The disparity in density (the difference in temperature between hot and cold) increases as a result of the amplification of pressure disparities (Liu et al., 2010). Hence, larger differences in pressure between the inside and outside will result in an increased driving force for the stack effect by enhancing the convective currents. The principle operates by drawing cooler air from the exterior,generally from the bottom or sides of the building, into the building. The air is then gradually heated and ascends through the vertical core due to convective forces, before being ultimately discharged through the chimney (Savin & Jardinier, 2009). The architectural proposal seeks to adhere to sustainable building development by employing deliberate steps that incorporate a combination of principles and strategies based on the theory of convection. In order to acquire knowledge and validation, an extensive investigation of case studies was carried out, with the works of Philippe Rahm serving as the fundamental basis for further development. Furthermore, a laboratory environment was established to conduct physical tests as well as virtual simulations (CFD) in order to gain deeper understanding and accuracy regarding the relationship between convective forces and geometry. The thesis set out to place a bet based on the notion of consciousness, in terms of implementation of chosen principles, using materials with low embodied carbon, and employing a strategic geometric relationship. This approach enabled the design of an architectural proposal that is both responsive and educative, while also addressing the existing knowledge gap between different professions.

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Les conditions actuelles de réchauffement de la planète ont mené aux pays du monde à s'engager dans la durabilité et l’efficacité énergétique et la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. En tant que troisième consommateur d'énergie, le bâtiment représente un élément clé envers l'efficacité énergétique et de la stabilisation de la température globale. Plusieurs solutions existent pour la réalisation de ces objectifs, et les travaux présentés tout au long de cette thèse concernent un composant solaire particulier à la construction externe du bâtiment, appelé cheminée solaire. Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur l'analyse expérimentale et numérique des dispositifs de stockage d'énergie, sous forme de matériaux à changement de phase (PCM), afin d'optimiser les performances de cette technologie solaire. Le but de cette étude est de caractériser l’impact des panneaux Rubitherm RT44 PCM sur une cheminée solaire en laboratoire et in situ afin de permettre une comparaison avec la version classique. De plus, un modèle numérique a été développé et testé dans le but d'obtenir un outil numérique capable de représenter le comportement d'une cheminée solaire. Enfin, une optimisation à deux objectifs du modèle numérique de cheminée solaire intégrée PCM a été réalisée afin de déterminer certains des paramètres optimaux de ce type de technologie afin d’obtenir le flux d’air sortant le plus élevé possible, tout en maintenant une température suffisamment élevée dans la cheminée atteindre la gamme de fusion des PCM. / The current global warming conditions have led nations across the world to commit into energetic sustainability and greenhouse gas emission reduction. Being the third greatest energetic consumer, the building represents a major key towards energy efficiency and global temperature stabilization. Several solutions exist for the accomplishment of these goals, and the works presented throughout this dissertation concerns a particular external building solar-driven component known as solar chimney. This PhD thesis focuses on the experimental and numerical analysis of energy storage devices, in the form of Phase Changing Materials (PCMs), for the optimisation of the performance of this solar technology. The aim of this study is to characterize the impact of Rubitherm RT44 PCM panels on a solar chimney under laboratory and in-situ conditions to carry out a comparison against the classic version. Additionally, a numerical model was developed and tested in the interest of obtaining a numerical tool capable of representing the behaviour of a solar chimney. Finally a bi-objective optimization of the PCM integrated solar chimney numerical model was carried out in order to determine some of the optimal parameters of this type of technology to obtain the highest exiting air flow, all while maintaining a high enough temperature across the chimney to reach the fusion range of the PCMs.

The aim of the thesis is the proposal and the preparation of project documentation for the construction of passive residential building on a plot number 1691/96 cadastral area of Černovice in a Brno city. The residential building will be built in a sloping terrain. It is a five-storey residential building with one floor below ground. The house has 16 residential units and is designed for a maximum of 40 people. Two of the units are designed as a wheelchair accessible. The skeletal staircase of a building is located outside the main building. The residential units are connected by porch. The porch is built from a steel skeleton and is standing outside the main building. At the south side of building is free standing steel construction used as balcony for residential units. Perimeter wall is made of sand-lime blocks which are insulated by graphite expanded polystyrene. Perimeter wall of basement is made of permanent formwork filled with concrete. The wall is also insulated with extruded polystyrene. The ceilings are made of prestressed concrete panels Spiroll. The supporting roof structure is made of wood trusses. The roof is pitched and the roof deck is designed vegetational. The building is ventilated using forced air handling unit. Heating and hot water is provided sources: pellet boiler and photothermic panels. The apartment house is designed with regard to energy saving as passive. Emphasis is placed on a compact building envelope, simplicity of shape, air tightness, low heat loss and high solar gain arising due the building orientation to the cardinal directions.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T18:50:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 thesis-FINAL-Drach.pdf: 12855630 bytes, checksum: ed8588770ebd55e99fede6e949f04cbe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-29 / In this thesis, computational modelling and numerical simulations are developed for construction architecture, to make possible project configuration evaluations and testing of possible improvements, both in the pre-occupancy and in the post-occupancy phases, aiming at comfort of building environments. These improvements are introduced here by simple changes to original designs targeting the functional quality increasing of the buildings with low financial and environmental costs. Attention is paid, in this work, to the following comfort variables: air circulation (velocity field), temperature and pollutant concentration, considering radiation, convection and building envelope materials. A coupled mathematical model is presented for velocity, temperature and concentration variables through the conservation equations for mass, momentum, energy and species, and variable boundary conditions can be used. Numerical solutions for the mathematical model are obtained by a stabilyzed mixed finite element method that allows to deal with the diffulties in constructing approximation spaces for problems with internal constraint and non-linearities of the convective type. It is also proposed in this thesis a global circulation index capable of identifying, from the simulation results, the windd intensity by level ranges and by rooms. Changes are proposed to original internal environmentes through openings locations, wall shapes and outdoor volumes placements. Some wind-catcher models, typical from north Africa, are studied, and it is suggested here the potentiality of theis usage in the hot and dry regions of Brazil. The usefulness of this alternative system is also proposed and tested here for some buildings located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. / Nesta tese, modelagem computacional e simulação numérica são desenvolvidas para arquitetura, com o objetivo de permitir avaliação de configurações de projetos e testes de possíveis melhorias, tanto na fase pré-ocupacional, como na pós-ocupacional, visando conforto em ambientes construídos. Essas melhorias são aqui introduzidas a partir de alterações de simples execução sobre os projetos originais, objetivando o incremento da qualidade funcional das construções, a baixos custos financeiros e ambientais. Este trabalho, assim, atenta para as variáveis de conforto de circulação do ar (campo de velocidades), temperatura e concentração de poluentes levando em conta radiação, convecção e materiais da envoltória. É apresentado um modelo matemático acoplado para as variáveis velocidade, temperatura e concentração através das equações de conservação de massa, de momento, de energia e de espécies; e estão previstas condições de contorno variáveis. As soluções numéricas para o modelo matemático são aqui obtidas via um método estabilizado de elementos finitos mistos, que permite lidar com as dificuldades de construção de espaços de aproximação para problemas que envolvem restrições internas e não linearidades do tipo convectivo. Propõe-se também nesta tese um índice de circulação global capaz de, a partir dos resultados das simulações, identificar a intensidade de vento, por faixas e por ambientes. São propostas alterações em projetos originais de ambientes internos através de localização de aberturas, formato de paredes e posicionamento de volumes exteriores. São estudados alguns casos de captadores de vento típicos do norte da África e indica-se, aqui, sua potencialidade para regiões quentes e secas do Brasil. Sua utilização é também proposta e testada para algumas residências da cidade do Rio de Janeiro.

In this thesis, computational modelling and numerical simulations are developed for construction architecture, to make possible project configuration evaluations and testing of possible improvements, both in the pre-occupancy and in the post-occupancy phases, aiming at comfort of building environments. These improvements are introduced here by simple changes to original designs targeting the functional quality increasing of the buildings with low financial and environmental costs. Attention is paid, in this work, to the following comfort variables: air circulation (velocity field), temperature and pollutant concentration, considering radiation, convection and building envelope materials. A coupled mathematical model is presented for velocity, temperature and concentration variables through the conservation equations for mass, momentum, energy and species, and variable boundary conditions can be used. Numerical solutions for the mathematical model are obtained by a stabilyzed mixed finite element method that allows to deal with the diffulties in constructing approximation spaces for problems with internal constraint and non-linearities of the convective type. It is also proposed in this thesis a global circulation index capable of identifying, from the simulation results, the windd intensity by level ranges and by rooms. Changes are proposed to original internal environmentes through openings locations, wall shapes and outdoor volumes placements. Some wind-catcher models, typical from north Africa, are studied, and it is suggested here the potentiality of theis usage in the hot and dry regions of Brazil. The usefulness of this alternative system is also proposed and tested here for some buildings located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. / Nesta tese, modelagem computacional e simulação numérica são desenvolvidas para arquitetura, com o objetivo de permitir avaliação de configurações de projetos e testes de possíveis melhorias, tanto na fase pré-ocupacional, como na pós-ocupacional, visando conforto em ambientes construídos. Essas melhorias são aqui introduzidas a partir de alterações de simples execução sobre os projetos originais, objetivando o incremento da qualidade funcional das construções, a baixos custos financeiros e ambientais. Este trabalho, assim, atenta para as variáveis de conforto de circulação do ar (campo de velocidades), temperatura e concentração de poluentes levando em conta radiação, convecção e materiais da envoltória. É apresentado um modelo matemático acoplado para as variáveis velocidade, temperatura e concentração através das equações de conservação de massa, de momento, de energia e de espécies; e estão previstas condições de contorno variáveis. As soluções numéricas para o modelo matemático são aqui obtidas via um método estabilizado de elementos finitos mistos, que permite lidar com as dificuldades de construção de espaços de aproximação para problemas que envolvem restrições internas e não linearidades do tipo convectivo. Propõe-se também nesta tese um índice de circulação global capaz de, a partir dos resultados das simulações, identificar a intensidade de vento, por faixas e por ambientes. São propostas alterações em projetos originais de ambientes internos através de localização de aberturas, formato de paredes e posicionamento de volumes exteriores. São estudados alguns casos de captadores de vento típicos do norte da África e indica-se, aqui, sua potencialidade para regiões quentes e secas do Brasil. Sua utilização é também proposta e testada para algumas residências da cidade do Rio de Janeiro.

This thesis is aimed at the Military Museum in Kraliky. This construction made on the basis of the initial design of the designer. For this reason, it was necessary to deal with during the processing work some technical problems, transport of materials to the construction site or purely site layout itself. The whole area of the museum consists of several buildings. The largest and main building of the exposition hall with steel supporting structures, then there is the Administration building, which in turn is a brick workshop that has as Exp hall steel structure. There is also a replica of the First Republic Military cottage, which has a wooden frame and demonstration area, where there will be live demonstrations of military equipment.

The first part of the thesis is aimed on creating internal microclimate of the hotel complex by air conditioning systems. The choice of systems is based on theoretical knowledge’s and practical application in abroad. In the second part there is designed solution for hotel apartments and conference hall. The other areas are designed only conceptual. Technical solutions of chosen systems are the main outcome of the thesis. In the third part there are published my experimental measurements from laboratories of Oulu University of Applied Sciences. For the study field of Air Conditioning has been chosen Air Flow Measurement and Test Operation of HVAC unit. For the study field of Renewable Energy has been chosen the Heat Pump and for study field of Refrigeration has been chosen Water Cooling and Chiller Box.