No description available.

Several years ago, a new genus and species of peccary, “Muknalia minima”, was described from the Pleistocene of Mexico. We previously examined that specimen and concluded that it was synonymous with the extant collared peccary, Pecari tajacu, but that taxonomic revision is rejected by the authors of the original study (this volume). Here, we provide further analysis of “Muknalia” and expand on previous evidence from both morphology and taphonomy that support synonymy with P. tajacu. We argue that morphological features, both in terms of size and shape, that were used to diagnose “Muknalia” all fall within the range of variation of the extant P. tajacu, or are a consequence of taphonomic modification, including human handling.

Submitted by AMANDA BONALUME CORDEIRO DE MORAIS null (amandabonalume@gmail.com) on 2017-08-26T23:21:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Doutorado - Amanda Bonalume Cordeiro de Morais.pdf: 1450434 bytes, checksum: f33cf08ef7c061d673fbb609f96c4bb3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-08-29T14:13:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 morais_abc_dr_bot.pdf: 1450434 bytes, checksum: f33cf08ef7c061d673fbb609f96c4bb3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-29T14:13:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 morais_abc_dr_bot.pdf: 1450434 bytes, checksum: f33cf08ef7c061d673fbb609f96c4bb3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Foram investigadas, neste estudo, proteínas associadas à virulência (genes vapA, vapB e vapN) das espécies de Rhodococcus equi e Micobactérias isoladas de 330 linfonodos de catetos (Tayassu tajacu) e queixadas (Tayassu pecari) destinados ao consumo humano. Trinta e seis (10,9%) linhagens de R. equi foram isoladas, 3,3% (11/330) dos linfonodos de queixadas e 7,6% (25/330) dos catetos. Entre os 11 isolados de R. equi das queixadas, 90,9% (n=10/11) foram obtidos de linfonodos mesentéricos e apenas 9,1% (n=1/10) de linfonodo mediastínico. Nos 25 isolados de R. equi dos catetos, 40,0% (10/25) foram obtidos de linfonodos mesentéricos, 36,0% (9/25) de submandibulares e 24,0% (6/25) de mediastínicos. Não foram identificados genes vapA, vapB e vapN entre os isolados de R. equi. Foi isolado Mycobacterium sp. de 3,03% (10/330) do total de linfonodos. Entre os 10 isolados de micobactérias, 60% (n=6/10) dos linfonodos eram de queixadas e 40% (4/10) de catetos. Dez espécies de Mycobacterium foram detectadas por PCR-PRA, com predominância de M. avium tipo 1. O sequenciamento dos genes hsp65 e rpob revelaram micobactérias saprófitas (M. sinense, M. kumamotonense) e potencialmente patogênicas (M. colombiense, M. intracellulare) para humanos e animais. Esta é a primeira descrição de R. equi e / ou espécies de micobactérias identificadas nos linfonodos de espécimes de Tayassuideos. Apesar da ausência de genes Vap, a identificação de R. equi, bem como de micobactérias não tuberculosas e saprófitas, destacam o risco de transmissão desses patógenos das espécies de Tayassuideos para humanos por meio de carne ou produtos à base de carne contaminados com conteúdo de linfonodos, uma vez que R. equi sem plasmídeo de virulência e as espécies de micbactérias descritas aqui já foram relatadas como causas de infecções pulmonares e extrapulmonares em seres humanos imunocompetentes e imunocomprometidos. / Virulence-associated proteins (vapA, vapB and vapN genes) of Rhodococcus equi and Mycobacterium species isolated from 330 lymph nodes of collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) and white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) intended for human consumption were investigated. Thirty-six (10.9%) R. equi strains were isolated, 3.3% (11/330) from white-lipped peccary and 7.6% (25/330) of collared peccary lymph nodes. Among the 11 isolates of R. equi of the white-lipped peccaries, 90.9% (n = 10/11) were obtained from mesenteric lymph nodes and only 9.1% (n = 1/10) of the mediastinal lymph node. In the 25 isolates of R. equi obtained from collared peccaries, 40.0% (10/25) were recovered from mesenteric lymph nodes, 36% (9/25) from submandibular, and 24.0% (6/25) from mediastinal ones. No vapA, vapB, and vapN genes (plasmidless type) were identified among R. equi isolates. Mycobacterium sp. was isolated in 3.03% (10/330) of all lymph nodes analyzed. Among the 10 mycobacterial isolates, 60% (n = 6/10) were from white-lipped peccary, and 40% (4/10) from collared peccary lymph nodes. Ten Mycobacterium species were detected by PCR-PRA, with predominance of M. avium type 1. Sequencing of hsp65 and rpob genes revealed mycobacteria that were saprophytic (M. sinense, M. kumamotonense) and potentially pathogenic (M. colombiense, M. intracellulare) to humans and animals. To our knowledge, this is the first description of R. equi and/or mycobacteria species identified in the lymph nodes of Tayassuid specimens. Despite the absence of Vap genes, the identification of R. equi, as well as nontuberculous and saprophytic mycobacteria highlight the risk of transmission of these pathogens from Tayassuidae species to humans by means of meat or meat products contaminated with lymph node contents, since R. equi plasmidless type and mycobacterial species described here have been reported as causes of pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections both in immunocompetent and immunocompromised humans.

Analysis of the Gray Fossil Site peccary material indicates the presence of up to three species. Comparisons with the tayassuid material known from the Tyner Farm and Bone Valley Formation of Florida allows the identification of Mylohyus elmorei and at the GFS. Within the GFS material, Prosthennops cf. P. serus and cf. Catagonus sp. are also tentatively recognized but further verification is required. The known range for Prosthennops is expanded into the Appalachian region. Presence of M. elmorei at the Gray Fossil Site provides the first known occurrence of this species outside of the Palmetto fauna of Florida, indicating that the species once exhibited a larger range within the southeastern United States than previously known. Overall, the presence of M. elmorei.indicates another parallel to the Palmetto Fauna of the Bone Valley Formation whereas Prosthennops cf. P. serus may indicate a connection to the Hemphillian of the western United States.

Terrestrial mammals affect numerous aspects of plant demography, colonization, and community structure in Neotropical forests. Granivorous mammals destroy seeds via seed predation and seedlings through herbivory, negatively affecting plant fitness. Mammals can also positively affect plants by dispersing or hoarding seeds. Seed fate outcomes are contingent on the interaction between mammal seed handling strategies and the intrinsic anti-predation defenses possessed by seeds. In field experiments at La Selva Biological Station, I investigated how collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) and Central American agoutis (Dasyprocta punctata) affect five species of large seeds that have various defenses against predation. Overall, peccaries consumed and killed most non-defended and chemically-defended seeds but they could not destroy seeds with physical defenses. Agoutis killed non-defended and physically-defended seeds, but not seeds with chemical defenses. Using seeds of Mucuna holtonii, I investigated how chemical and structural defenses deter mammal and insect seed predation respectively. I also determined how endosperm removal by invertebrates affects seed germination and seedling biomass. Chemical defenses protected seeds from rodents, but not ungulates that digest seeds via pregastric fermentation. Physical defenses protected seeds from invertebrate seed predators, and removal of endosperm negatively affected both seed germination and seedling growth. To determine how scatter-hoarding by agoutis affects seed escape from seed predators, germination, and seedling growth, I created simulated agouti hoards. I also investigated how mammals affect young seedling survival. Hoarding enhanced seed survival, germination, and seedling growth for most species of seeds. Terrestrial mammals killed some seedlings via seed predation rather than by herbivory. Overall, large mammal activity in La Selva negatively affected seed and seedling survival and this likely influences many aspects of forest dynamics.

Historically, the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) occurred throughout much of Texas including the northern portion of the Texas Hill Country. Remaining peccary populations were extirpated in much of their former range due to over harvest and habitat loss. In 2004, efforts to restore peccary populations to the Texas Hill Country began when Texas Parks and Wildlife Department biologists translocated 29 collared peccaries into the 2,157 ha, Mason Mountain Wildlife Management Area (MMWMA). I evaluated the success of peccary translocations for mixed and intact family groups by comparing survival, ranges, and dispersal of translocated, radio-tagged peccaries. In addition, I evaluated two release methods (soft versus hard) to determine differences in population demographics. I found that peccary ranges and dispersal patterns did not differ (P > 0.05) between intact and mixed groups or release method (soft versus hard). However, I did find that peccary fidelity to release sites was greater for soft releases of family groups. Individuals from the soft release group dispersed the shortest distance and stayed on MMWMA. Only 2 individuals from the hard releases stayed on MMWMA while the rest (19 individuals) dispersed 4-8 km. Future peccary translocations should emphasize the release method employed and family structure of individuals released to improve translocation effectiveness in establishing populations in target areas.

No description available.

No description available.

Orientador: Márcio Garcia Ribeiro / Resumo: Foram investigadas, neste estudo, proteínas associadas à virulência (genes vapA, vapB e vapN) das espécies de Rhodococcus equi e Micobactérias isoladas de 330 linfonodos de catetos (Tayassu tajacu) e queixadas (Tayassu pecari) destinados ao consumo humano. Trinta e seis (10,9%) linhagens de R. equi foram isoladas, 3,3% (11/330) dos linfonodos de queixadas e 7,6% (25/330) dos catetos. Entre os 11 isolados de R. equi das queixadas, 90,9% (n=10/11) foram obtidos de linfonodos mesentéricos e apenas 9,1% (n=1/10) de linfonodo mediastínico. Nos 25 isolados de R. equi dos catetos, 40,0% (10/25) foram obtidos de linfonodos mesentéricos, 36,0% (9/25) de submandibulares e 24,0% (6/25) de mediastínicos. Não foram identificados genes vapA, vapB e vapN entre os isolados de R. equi. Foi isolado Mycobacterium sp. de 3,03% (10/330) do total de linfonodos. Entre os 10 isolados de micobactérias, 60% (n=6/10) dos linfonodos eram de queixadas e 40% (4/10) de catetos. Dez espécies de Mycobacterium foram detectadas por PCR-PRA, com predominância de M. avium tipo 1. O sequenciamento dos genes hsp65 e rpob revelaram micobactérias saprófitas (M. sinense, M. kumamotonense) e potencialmente patogênicas (M. colombiense, M. intracellulare) para humanos e animais. Esta é a primeira descrição de R. equi e / ou espécies de micobactérias identificadas nos linfonodos de espécimes de Tayassuideos. Apesar da ausência de genes Vap, a identificação de R. equi, bem como de micobactérias não tuberculosas e saprófit... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Virulence-associated proteins (vapA, vapB and vapN genes) of Rhodococcus equi and Mycobacterium species isolated from 330 lymph nodes of collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) and white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) intended for human consumption were investigated. Thirty-six (10.9%) R. equi strains were isolated, 3.3% (11/330) from white-lipped peccary and 7.6% (25/330) of collared peccary lymph nodes. Among the 11 isolates of R. equi of the white-lipped peccaries, 90.9% (n = 10/11) were obtained from mesenteric lymph nodes and only 9.1% (n = 1/10) of the mediastinal lymph node. In the 25 isolates of R. equi obtained from collared peccaries, 40.0% (10/25) were recovered from mesenteric lymph nodes, 36% (9/25) from submandibular, and 24.0% (6/25) from mediastinal ones. No vapA, vapB, and vapN genes (plasmidless type) were identified among R. equi isolates. Mycobacterium sp. was isolated in 3.03% (10/330) of all lymph nodes analyzed. Among the 10 mycobacterial isolates, 60% (n = 6/10) were from white-lipped peccary, and 40% (4/10) from collared peccary lymph nodes. Ten Mycobacterium species were detected by PCR-PRA, with predominance of M. avium type 1. Sequencing of hsp65 and rpob genes revealed mycobacteria that were saprophytic (M. sinense, M. kumamotonense) and potentially pathogenic (M. colombiense, M. intracellulare) to humans and animals. To our knowledge, this is the first description of R. equi and/or mycobacteria species identified in the lymph nodes of Tayassuid sp... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:31:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlessandroMLM_DISSERT.pdf: 5295776 bytes, checksum: 660aceb095a002197fe2c4cf31191b3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-08 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Inhaled anesthesia is a widely used technique in the different domestic animal species; however it is little studied in wild animals. The aim of this study was to determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane (SEVO) in peccaries (Tayassu tajacu), investigate its effects on physiological (heart and respiratory rates, temperature and blood pressure) and blood gas analysis as long as the quality of anesthesia recovery time. Ten adult male peccaries weighting 22.4 ± 1.31 kg were used. MAC determination was obtained through intentional motor response evaluated after supramaximal noxious stimuli by clamping the interdigital space. A positive or negative response to the stimulus was recorded, and ET SEVO then increased (if positive response) or decreased (if negative response) by 10%. Individual MAC was the average of multiple determinations. Physiological parameters and blood gas analysis at different times (before induction of anesthesia, to a concentration of 6%, after MAC determination, at MAC, and after extubation 1.5 MAC) were analyzed by analysis of variance (One Way RM ANOVA) for repeated measures followed by Tukey, the degree of significance of 5% (p <0,05). The MAC of sevoflurane for collared peccaries was determined as 4.26 ± 0.68% with the animals fully recovered at 32,0 ± 9,70 minutes. It was concluded by this study that the MAC for SEVO is similar to recent values reported for pigs, with fully short recovery time, but higher than general values reported for other species / A anestesia inalatória é uma técnica utilizada em diferentes espécies animais domésticas, no entanto pouco estudada em algumas espécies silvestres. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a concentração alveolar mínima (CAM) do sevofluorano em catetos (Tayassu tajacu), investigar seus efeitos nos parâmetros fisiológicos (frequências cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura e pressão arterial) e hemogasométricos além do tempo e a qualidade da recuperação anestésica. Foram utilizados dez catetos machos, adultos, hígidos, pesando 22.4 ± 1.31 kg. A determinação da CAM foi obtida através da resposta motora intencional avaliada após estímulos nociceptivos supramáximos pelo pinçamento do espaço interdigital. De acordo com as respostas obtidas (positivas ou negativas), a concentração foi aumentada ou diminuída em 10%. A média aritmética entre as concentrações do agente inalatório (com e sem resposta) foi utilizada na determinação da concentração alveolar mínima para esta espécie. Os parâmetros fisiológicos e hemogasométricos nos diferentes momentos (antes da indução da anestesia, a uma concentração de 6%, após a determinação da CAM, após 1,5 CAM e à extubação) foram analisados por analise de variância (One way ANOVA RM) para medidas repetidas seguidas por Tukey, sendo o grau de significância de 5% (p<0,05). A CAM de sevofluorano para catetos foi determinada em 4,26 ± 0,68%, com os animais se recuperando totalmente aos 32,0 ± 9,70 minutos. Concluiu-se neste estudo que a CAM para SEVO é semelhante aos valores recentes relatados para suínos com ótima qualidade da recuperação e curto tempo, porém maiores que os valores relatados para outras espécies