ABSTRACT The purpose of the current study was to compare speech samples elicited with four different methods regarding speech sound production errors. Nine Swedish-speaking children with SSD (Speech Sound Disorder) participated. A new method of speech elicitation was introduced, a narrative task using a silent short film as a prompt. Severity of involvement of the speech sound production was measured using PCC-R (Percentage of Consonants Correct-Revised), as well as a new severity metric, PSC (Percentage of Syllables Correct). Speech error patterns were also analyzed. All four methods of speech elicitation are suggested to be useful clinical tools for phonological assessment. The elicitation methods yielded similar results. However, the results indicated that a higher degree of control and phonological complexity in a task generally yield lower severity measures and more types of speech error patterns. The definition of SSD used in this study includes several clinical diagnoses used by speech and language pathologists. The participants’ results were therefore analyzed regarding clinical diagnosis. No difference was found. This first evaluation of PSC shows that it is a promising new severity metric, and that its strength lies first and foremost in the possibility to include unintelligible speech. The evaluation of the new elicitation task shows that narration of a silent short film as a prompt is promising as well. The results yielded indicate a gain in degree of control combined with a preserved high ecological validity associated with speech elicitation methods yielding conversational speech. SAMMANFATTNING Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka variation av avvikelser i språkljudsproduktionen hos nio svensktalande barn med språkljudsstörning vid fyra olika taluppgifter. En av de fyra uppgifterna innefattade en ny eliciteringsstrategi: berättande till ljudlös film. Grad av avvikelse undersöktes genom beräkning av PCC-R (Percentage of Consonants Correct-Revised), samt ett nytt mått, PSC (Percentage of Syllables Correct). Även avvikelsetyper undersöktes. Resultatet tyder på att samtliga undersökta taluppgifter kan vara användbara kliniska verktyg. Även om ingen skillnad kunde påvisas mellan deltagarnas grad av avvikelse vid de fyra taluppgifterna, sågs en tendens till att en hög styrningsgrad och fonologisk komplexitet av målorden ger upphov till en lägre träffsäkerhet i språkljudsproduktionen och ökar antalet olika avvikelsetyper som förekommer. Definitionen av språkljudsstörning inkluderar olika logopediska diagnoser. I denna studie kunde barnens diagnostillhörighet inte förklara variationer i resultaten. Den första utvärderingen av PSC visar att det är ett lovande nytt mått på träffsäkerhet i språkljudsproduktionen, och att dess styrka framför allt ligger i möjligheten att inkludera oförståeligt tal. Även denna första utvärdering av den nya eliciteringsmetoden berättande till ljudlös film är lovande. Resultaten tyder på en högre styrningsgrad samtidigt som den ekologiska validiteten i sammanhängande tal till stor del bibehållits.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The results of the multivariate analyses suggest that most of the variation in the composition of the samples was of an intra-sample nature, illustrating large scale patchiness in foraminiferal distribution. There were, however, definite differences between communities around Robben Island and in St Helena Bay, and least variation was found between the control and pipeline sites, and between the stations of each site. When the trace metal concentrations and the percentage nitrogen increased, the richness, diversity and abundance of foraminifera tended to decrease. Sediment grain size positively affected abundance but negatively affected diversity and richness. In both areas mean grain size did not, however, appear to play a very large role in influencing diversity. Cadmium, copper, chromium, the percentage nitrogen and the mean grain size were identified as the most important variables influencing the community structure by the BIOENV BEST routine in PRIMER. The trace metals and percentage nitrogen only had negative effects on the diversity and abundance as well as on the abundance of the dominant genera, whereas the mean grain size had variable effects. / South Africa

Introduction: The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines overweight and obesity as a condition in which an abnormal or excessive fat accumulation exists to an extent in which health and well-being are impaired. The most recent South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES) reported that the prevalence of overweight and obesity, according to body mass index (BMI) classification, in all South African women was significantly higher than in men (24.8% and 39.2% compared to 20.1% and 10.6% for women and men, respectively). Blood pressure is often increased in obese patients and is probably the most common co-morbidity associated with obesity. Currently approximately one third (30.4%) of the adult South African population has hypertension. Hypertension is responsible for a significant percentage of the high rates of cardiovascular disease and stroke in South Africa. Limited South African data are available regarding the agreement between the measures of adiposity, including BMI, waist circumference (WC) and percentage body fat (%BF), and the association with high blood pressure. Measures of adiposity were found in previous research to be ethnicity, age and gender specific. Measuring %BF to classify adiposity takes body composition into account and is a more physiological measurement of obesity than BMI. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the agreement between adiposity classified by BMI categories and %BF cut-off points, and the association between the different measures of adiposity and high blood pressure. Method: A representative sample of black women (n=435), aged 29 years to 65 years from Ikageng in the North West Province of South Africa were included in this cross-sectional epidemiological study. Socio-demographic questionnaires were completed. Pregnancy and HIV tests were performed and those with positive test results or those who declined HIV testing were excluded. Weight and height were measured and BMI was calculated. WC, %BF using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and blood pressure were measured. Results: The prevalence of overweight (BMI 25.0 kg/m² – 29.9 kg/m²) was 24.4% and obesity (BMI ≥ 30kg/m²) was 52.4%. High blood pressure was found to be present in more than two thirds of the study participants (68.5%). In this study BMI, WC and %BF as measures of adiposity were significantly correlated. There were significant agreements between combined overweight/obesity that was defined by %BF (≥35.8% 29-45 years; ≥37.7% ≥50 years) and BMI ≥ 25kg/m² (ᵡ²=199.0, p<0.0001; κ=0.68, p<0.0001), and between the presence of high %BF and obesity only, that was defined by BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² (ᵡ²=129.1, p<0.0001; κ=0.48, p<0.0001). The effect size of the agreement between the WHO BMI category for combined overweight/obesity and %BF cut-off points according to the kappa value of κ=0.68 was substantial (κ range 0.61-0.80). The effect size of the agreement between the WHO BMI category for obesity only and %BF cut-off points according to the kappa value of κ=0.48 was moderate (κ range 0.41-0.60). No association was found between high blood pressure and BMI categorised combined overweight/obesity (ᵡ²=3.19; p=0.74), but a significant association was found between high blood pressure and BMI categorised obesity only (ᵡ²=4.10; p=0.043). A significantly increased odds ratio (OR) of high blood pressure existed in the obesity BMI category (OR=1.52; p=0.045) as opposed to the overweight/obesity BMI category (OR=1.51; p=0.075). There were significant associations between high blood pressure and WC ≥ 80cm (ᵡ²=10.9; p=0.001; OR=2.08; p=0.001), WC ≥ 92cm (ᵡ²=20.1; p<0.0001; OR=1.79; p=0.011) and %BF above the age-specific cut-off points (ᵡ²=6.61; p=0.010; OR=1.70; p=0.011). Discussion and conclusion: This study found that in a sample of black urban South African women significant agreements existed between adiposity defined by %BF cut-off points for combined overweight/obesity and both WHO BMI categorised combined overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and obesity only (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), respectively. A stronger agreement was found between WHO categorised combined overweight/obesity and %BF. Furthermore, this study concluded that the BMI category according to the WHO cut-off point for overweight/obesity had insufficient sensitivity to detect the presence of high blood pressure, and that the BMI category according to the WHO cut-off point for obesity alone could detect the presence of high blood pressure. The WHO BMI classification for obesity, in contrast to the WHO BMI classification for combined overweight/obesity, is therefore appropriate to classify these black South African women at increased risk for high blood pressure. The WC and %BF cut-off points used which were specific to ethnicity, age and gender, had significant associations with high blood pressure and have good capacity to detect high blood pressure. In this study abdominal obesity as defined by the South African cut-off point of WC ≥ 92 cm had a stronger association with high blood pressure, than the international cut-off point (WC ≥ 80 cm). The South African cut-off point is, therefore, more appropriate to screen black South African women for increased risk for high blood pressure. The study therefore concluded that a stronger agreement was found between WHO categorised combined overweight/obesity and %BF than with obesity only (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). To ensure consistency and accuracy, and to take body composition into consideration, it is recommended that, where possible, in clinical practice the appropriate WC and %BF cut-off points together with BMI categories should be used as measures of adiposity for diagnosis of overweight and obesity and to screen or detect an increased risk for high blood pressure. / MSc (Dietetics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Introduction: The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines overweight and obesity as a condition in which an abnormal or excessive fat accumulation exists to an extent in which health and well-being are impaired. The most recent South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES) reported that the prevalence of overweight and obesity, according to body mass index (BMI) classification, in all South African women was significantly higher than in men (24.8% and 39.2% compared to 20.1% and 10.6% for women and men, respectively). Blood pressure is often increased in obese patients and is probably the most common co-morbidity associated with obesity. Currently approximately one third (30.4%) of the adult South African population has hypertension. Hypertension is responsible for a significant percentage of the high rates of cardiovascular disease and stroke in South Africa. Limited South African data are available regarding the agreement between the measures of adiposity, including BMI, waist circumference (WC) and percentage body fat (%BF), and the association with high blood pressure. Measures of adiposity were found in previous research to be ethnicity, age and gender specific. Measuring %BF to classify adiposity takes body composition into account and is a more physiological measurement of obesity than BMI. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the agreement between adiposity classified by BMI categories and %BF cut-off points, and the association between the different measures of adiposity and high blood pressure. Method: A representative sample of black women (n=435), aged 29 years to 65 years from Ikageng in the North West Province of South Africa were included in this cross-sectional epidemiological study. Socio-demographic questionnaires were completed. Pregnancy and HIV tests were performed and those with positive test results or those who declined HIV testing were excluded. Weight and height were measured and BMI was calculated. WC, %BF using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and blood pressure were measured. Results: The prevalence of overweight (BMI 25.0 kg/m² – 29.9 kg/m²) was 24.4% and obesity (BMI ≥ 30kg/m²) was 52.4%. High blood pressure was found to be present in more than two thirds of the study participants (68.5%). In this study BMI, WC and %BF as measures of adiposity were significantly correlated. There were significant agreements between combined overweight/obesity that was defined by %BF (≥35.8% 29-45 years; ≥37.7% ≥50 years) and BMI ≥ 25kg/m² (ᵡ²=199.0, p<0.0001; κ=0.68, p<0.0001), and between the presence of high %BF and obesity only, that was defined by BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² (ᵡ²=129.1, p<0.0001; κ=0.48, p<0.0001). The effect size of the agreement between the WHO BMI category for combined overweight/obesity and %BF cut-off points according to the kappa value of κ=0.68 was substantial (κ range 0.61-0.80). The effect size of the agreement between the WHO BMI category for obesity only and %BF cut-off points according to the kappa value of κ=0.48 was moderate (κ range 0.41-0.60). No association was found between high blood pressure and BMI categorised combined overweight/obesity (ᵡ²=3.19; p=0.74), but a significant association was found between high blood pressure and BMI categorised obesity only (ᵡ²=4.10; p=0.043). A significantly increased odds ratio (OR) of high blood pressure existed in the obesity BMI category (OR=1.52; p=0.045) as opposed to the overweight/obesity BMI category (OR=1.51; p=0.075). There were significant associations between high blood pressure and WC ≥ 80cm (ᵡ²=10.9; p=0.001; OR=2.08; p=0.001), WC ≥ 92cm (ᵡ²=20.1; p<0.0001; OR=1.79; p=0.011) and %BF above the age-specific cut-off points (ᵡ²=6.61; p=0.010; OR=1.70; p=0.011). Discussion and conclusion: This study found that in a sample of black urban South African women significant agreements existed between adiposity defined by %BF cut-off points for combined overweight/obesity and both WHO BMI categorised combined overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and obesity only (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), respectively. A stronger agreement was found between WHO categorised combined overweight/obesity and %BF. Furthermore, this study concluded that the BMI category according to the WHO cut-off point for overweight/obesity had insufficient sensitivity to detect the presence of high blood pressure, and that the BMI category according to the WHO cut-off point for obesity alone could detect the presence of high blood pressure. The WHO BMI classification for obesity, in contrast to the WHO BMI classification for combined overweight/obesity, is therefore appropriate to classify these black South African women at increased risk for high blood pressure. The WC and %BF cut-off points used which were specific to ethnicity, age and gender, had significant associations with high blood pressure and have good capacity to detect high blood pressure. In this study abdominal obesity as defined by the South African cut-off point of WC ≥ 92 cm had a stronger association with high blood pressure, than the international cut-off point (WC ≥ 80 cm). The South African cut-off point is, therefore, more appropriate to screen black South African women for increased risk for high blood pressure. The study therefore concluded that a stronger agreement was found between WHO categorised combined overweight/obesity and %BF than with obesity only (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). To ensure consistency and accuracy, and to take body composition into consideration, it is recommended that, where possible, in clinical practice the appropriate WC and %BF cut-off points together with BMI categories should be used as measures of adiposity for diagnosis of overweight and obesity and to screen or detect an increased risk for high blood pressure. / MSc (Dietetics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a tool used broadly by public health agencies to assess weight in populations. However, when differentiating between fat mass and fat free mass the formula (BMI = weight in kilograms/height in meters2) is not applicable. Research suggests that evaluating body fat percentage and adipose tissue deposition may provide a nuanced indication of overall health, making it more accurate on an individual basis. This study evaluated four methods (Body Mass Index, waist circumference, A Body Shape Index, and Waist to Stature Index) that assess body composition and their ability to predict body fat percentage in female collegiate athletes and overweight/obese females. The study also investigated if the CUN‐BAE formula could calculate body fat percentage accurately in comparison to air displacement plethysmography in both populations. The study found that the universality of these algorithms is uncertain in diverse populations and that the predictive power of anthropometric‐based formulas is inconsistent when considering body fat percentage.

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Title: The effect of the place of the match on the shooting success in handball. Objectives: The main objective of this work is to find out whether the place where the match is taking place affects the shooting success from individual player areas, and also the overall shooting success of the selected team. Another objective was to find out whether the place has got an effect on the result of the match. Methods: For data collection we used the methods of direct observation, indirect observation and analytical method in our work. The results were processed using the Mann Whitney test, Wilcoxon test and Mc Nemar test. Results: We found out that the place at which the match is taking place does not affect the overall percentage success rate of shooting of the selected team. Also it was not statistically proved, that the place affects the percentage success rate of shooting even from one of the basic areas of player functions for the attack. Keywords: handball, shooting, percentage success rate, place, game performance

The thesis deals with rising household debt, especially in consumer lending. The main part of the thesis is the analysis of obligatorily quoted annual percentage rate of charge. Further contains debt statistics, previous and new law and improvement proposals for the future.

This work focuses on construction contracts under IFRS and US GAAP. The objective of this work is to outline the basic principles of accounting treatment of revenue and costs associated with construction contracts and presentation of such contracts in financial statements. Practical part of this work evaluates information on construction contracts in annual reports of companies reporting in compliance with IFRS.

STUDENT NO: 9902414P MA HUMANITIES SCHOOL OF HUMAN AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT / ABSTRACT Rationale: In the early 1990s, the Lidcombe Programme, which is a direct, parentconducted, operant intervention programme for early childhood stuttering, was introduced to therapists. Available data in Australia suggest that the Lidcombe Programme is an effective early communication intervention as it eliminates stuttered speech in the medium and long term and is able to maintain these effects for up to seven years post-treatment (Onslow, Costa & Rue, 1990; Onslow, Andrews & Lincoln, 1994; Lincoln & Onslow, 1997; Jones, Onslow, Harris & Packman, 2000). However, despite the plethora of research in Australia, no South African research appears to have previously been conducted to establish long-term results and maintenance of fluency following the administration of this programme with young children. Purpose: The present study endeavoured to establish long-term results and maintenance of fluency using the Lidcombe Programme with children who stutter. Participants: Nine children were recruited, ranging in age from six to eleven years who had undergone therapy using the Lidcombe Programme during the previous two to six years. The parents of these children also participated in the study. Method: As part of the Lidcombe Programme, the percentage syllables stuttered (%SS) and the severity rating score (SR) were recorded at the time of the assessment and termination of therapy. The researcher evaluated each participant’s speech in two different situations using the measurements of %SS and SR and then compared these scores to the %SS and SR score recorded at the initial assessment and termination of therapy to ascertain whether each participant’s speech had improved, deteriorated or remained consistent. An interview with the child’s parents was also conducted to obtain a qualitative assessment of the parent’s views of their child’s speech since the termination of therapy. Results: The Wilcoxon signed rank test revealed a significant decrease in %SS and SR between pre-treatment scores and scores recorded at the time of the study (p = 0.00195 & p = 0.00195 respectively). Four participants’ %SS obtained at the time of the study compared to immediately after termination of therapy had increased slightly although this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.4375). All parents reported that they had noted improvement in their child’s speech since the termination of therapy except for one mother who reported that her child’s speech had remained the same. Conclusions: It would seem that the Lidcombe Programme was successful with this particular group of participants as all of the children demonstrated a definite decrease in stuttering following therapy compared to pre-treatment and had maintained the levels of fluency obtained post-treatment to the time of the study. These findings have implications for early communication intervention, training of speech-language pathologists, theory and future research. KEY WORDS: stuttering, Lidcombe Programme, children, severity rating (SR) percentage syllables stuttered (%SS)