The dissertation chooses Vietnam as a typical case to address the gap in microfinance studies. Instead of focusing on the beneficiaries of the microfinance system, as many studies have been done, the subjects of this study are microfinance institutions (MFIs). The objective is to suggest a balanced sustainability approach for MFIs in Vietnam that refers to governance practices, legal environmental, and social and financial objectives as equally important. Particularly, it identifies the constraints and the potential, and suggests workable approaches to support Vietnam microfinance providers in extending and developing services throughout the country in a financially sustainable manner. / 博士(現代アジア研究) / Doctor of Philosophy in Contemporary Asian Studies / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

The target for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reduction in the UK is set at 20% by 2020 and 80% by 2050. The UK housing stock is one of the least energy efficient in Europe. The energy used in homes accounts for more than a quarter of energy use and carbon dioxide emissions in Great Britain. Therefore, it is imperative to improve the energy performance of the existing housing stock and fully exploit energy efficiency and renewable energy interventions. Several tools have been developed particularly in the last decade for energy assessment of dwellings, largely to inform policy development. However, when it comes to policy implementation stages, stakeholders such as local councils, energy suppliers, social housing providers and planners lack an effective tool, which assists them in estimating the potential for energy performance improvement through implementation of energy efficiency and renewable energy interventions. The UK government has several policies and initiatives to improve the energy performance of the housing stock. This research discusses the development of framework and a prototype tool to assist in implementation of these policies. There are a number of databases that hold information about the condition of the housing stock. This is in the form of digital maps, aerial and terrestrial imagery and statistics from census and housing surveys. This research presents an innovative way of integrating this information to undertake energy performance assessment on various geographical levels. The framework and the prototype allow stakeholders to determine the baseline energy performance of the dwellings based on their existing characteristics. This information is then used to estimate the potential for reduction in energy consumption and CO2 emissions and associated costs. Also integrated within the framework and the prototype is analytical hierarchy process based multi-criteria decision analysis technique that supports stakeholders in selection of energy performance improvement interventions suited to their requirements. Energy Performance Improvement of Dwellings Abstract Amit Mhalas, 2013 iv The developed framework and prototype are calibrated and validated with empirical data to determine the accuracy, reliability and trustworthiness. To demonstrate the practical applicability of the framework and the prototype, two separate case studies are undertaken involving the stakeholders. The results from the case studies indicate a potential to reduce CO2 emissions from dwellings by 70% through installation of energy performance improvement interventions. The developed framework and the prototype are expected to assist stakeholders in making informed decisions with regard to the implementation of energy policies and initiatives and contribute to meeting CO2 emission reduction targets.

Un crescente numero di aziende è oggi impegnato in attività ESG. È fondamentale dunque comprendere se tali attività conducano all’ottenimento di migliori performance economiche o meno. I risultati in letteratura non sono univoci in merito. Il progetto ha l’obiettivo di dimostrare che l’attività ESG non è autonomamente in grado di produrre migliori prestazioni economiche. Solo quando aziende innovative implementano attività ESG, esiste una relazione positiva tra ESG e performance. Nell’ambito dello studio è dunque testato il ruolo moderatore che la variabile “innovazione” esercita sulla relazione fra ESG e performance economica. Lo studio tenta di contribuire alla letteratura esistente sotto tre aspetti. In primo luogo, prende in considerazione sia le attività ESG che l'innovazione. In secondo luogo, il campione utilizzato è molto più ampio di quelli di studi analoghi. Infine, include variabili innovative, che sono in grado di spiegare meglio il livello di attività ESG delle aziende. I risultati ottenuti consentono di confermare che solo per aziende innovative esiste un effetto positivo dell’attività ESG sulle performance. / A growing number of corporations are now engaged in a broad set of ESG activities. A central question is of course whether companies that enhance their ESG activities gain an advantage over companies that do not. Results in the literature are mixed. This project aims to demonstrate that ESG considered standalone is not able to provide better economic performance. Only when innovative companies implement ESG, a positive relation between ESG and performance exists. The moderating role of the R&D variable in then tested in the relationship between ESG and Corporate Financial Performance. The study attempts to bring novelty under three aspects. Firstly, it takes into consideration both ESG activities and innovation. Secondly, the sample used is larger than the ones of alike studies, in that it analyzed a larger time span, and it is cross-country. Finally, it includes innovative variables, which are better able to explain the ESG activities level of companies. Results obtained allow to confirm that a positive effect on performance by ESG activities exist only for innovative companies.

Most theories that attempt to describe the relationship between corporate sustainability strategies and a company’s triple bottom line also make the assumption that there is insufficient evidence to produce generalizable conclusions. This study contributes to the overall body of knowledge, as there is a lack of significant generalizable knowledge on corporate sustainability strategies and a company’s triple bottom line. To provide a methodologically more rigorous review, we performed a meta-analysis on 18 scholarly articles from top-tier academic journals containing 64 experimental treatments that measured an observed (not self-reported) behavioural outcome, which yielded a sample size of 23,871 observations. Most studies combined multiple treatments, which preclude definitive conclusions on the most effective treatments. The findings suggest that there is a positive medium to strong relationship between sustainability-oriented strategies, for both reactive and proactive behaviours (Dyllick et al., 1997; Gminder et al., 2002), and a company’s “triple bottom line.” Furthermore, regardless of the firm type (e.g., multinational corporation or local establishment, emerging economy firm or developed nation business), proactive sustainability-oriented strategies tend to have a higher payoff than firms that adopt reactive sustainability-oriented strategies. This meta-analysis establishes a greater degree of certainty with respect to corporate sustainability strategies and a firm’s triple bottom line relationship than currently assumed by many business scholars. To conclude, the sustainability concept has significantly expanded the scope of measuring organizational performance according to economic, social, and environmental components (Robins, 2006), which are collectively described as the “triple bottom line.” Organizations have determined that specific products and processes can have serious environmental and social implications beyond providing typical economic benefits (Sarkis, 2001). Based on the results of this study, companies should develop more diversified sustainability strategies that will help them to identify and capture value (McMullen, 2001). The results demonstrate that sustainability can provide companies with a strategic advantage, which is vital for the organization’s long-term viability and success (Orlitzky et al., 2003). This study also examines the balance between reasonable return on investment and long-term organizational viability, which greatly impacts organizational decision-makers that contend with numerous stakeholder issues, pressure from environmental agencies, and increased social consciousness that affects workers, consumers, and communities. It supports the conclusion that being proactive in responding to these conflicting pressures and barriers helps organizations to achieve higher levels of performance.

Most theories that attempt to describe the relationship between corporate sustainability strategies and a company’s triple bottom line also make the assumption that there is insufficient evidence to produce generalizable conclusions. This study contributes to the overall body of knowledge, as there is a lack of significant generalizable knowledge on corporate sustainability strategies and a company’s triple bottom line. To provide a methodologically more rigorous review, we performed a meta-analysis on 18 scholarly articles from top-tier academic journals containing 64 experimental treatments that measured an observed (not self-reported) behavioural outcome, which yielded a sample size of 23,871 observations. Most studies combined multiple treatments, which preclude definitive conclusions on the most effective treatments. The findings suggest that there is a positive medium to strong relationship between sustainability-oriented strategies, for both reactive and proactive behaviours (Dyllick et al., 1997; Gminder et al., 2002), and a company’s “triple bottom line.” Furthermore, regardless of the firm type (e.g., multinational corporation or local establishment, emerging economy firm or developed nation business), proactive sustainability-oriented strategies tend to have a higher payoff than firms that adopt reactive sustainability-oriented strategies. This meta-analysis establishes a greater degree of certainty with respect to corporate sustainability strategies and a firm’s triple bottom line relationship than currently assumed by many business scholars. To conclude, the sustainability concept has significantly expanded the scope of measuring organizational performance according to economic, social, and environmental components (Robins, 2006), which are collectively described as the “triple bottom line.” Organizations have determined that specific products and processes can have serious environmental and social implications beyond providing typical economic benefits (Sarkis, 2001). Based on the results of this study, companies should develop more diversified sustainability strategies that will help them to identify and capture value (McMullen, 2001). The results demonstrate that sustainability can provide companies with a strategic advantage, which is vital for the organization’s long-term viability and success (Orlitzky et al., 2003). This study also examines the balance between reasonable return on investment and long-term organizational viability, which greatly impacts organizational decision-makers that contend with numerous stakeholder issues, pressure from environmental agencies, and increased social consciousness that affects workers, consumers, and communities. It supports the conclusion that being proactive in responding to these conflicting pressures and barriers helps organizations to achieve higher levels of performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a contribution tool to the future practices of corporate marketing communications. Another aim was to discover the current practices of CSR within corporate marketing communications with a specific focus on corporate and stakeholder value creation gained through this merging of two disciplines. Finally, the possibility of creating future competitive advantages through the use of CSR in marketing communications was also examined. The author applied a qualitative interview questionnaire as well as a quantitative survey study as primary research methods conducted for the purpose of this thesis. The interview questionnaires focused on the internal stakeholders' point of view on CSR as a marketing tool, while the survey study examined customer and external stakeholders' interest in current practices and value of CSR. The primary research was complemented by a broad literature review on the subjects of corporate marketing communications and corporate social responsibility. The main results revealed by the literature reviews and empirical research showed that corporate social responsibility has gained increasing value amongst business practitioners and external stakeholders. It was found that CSR can be executed most efficiently though public relations, and thus it helps sustain a sound corporate identity, brand, image and reputation, resulting in stakeholder loyalty and corporate value. The key findings of the research proposed that the proper use of CSR within marketing communications, by developed mid- and large-size organizations, could result in future competitive advantages in the market place. The principal concluding remark of the author was to highlight the importance of corporate social responsibility practices in marketing communications, with respect to value creation. This thesis aims to create motivation for further empirical research and development.